Download Ruminants Anatomy - Dr. Brahmbhatt`s Class Handouts

Ruminants Anatomy
In Hinduism, the
cow is a symbol of
wealth, strength,
abundance, selfless
giving and fully
earthy life
Objectives – Chapter 10
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Zoological classification of Bovine
Terminology of Bovine
TPR: Bovine
Prominent anatomical or physiological
properties of the species.
– Joints
– Dentition
• Identify and describe characteristics of
common breeds.
• GI anatomy
• Reproductive anatomy
Big Bertha
• Holds 2 Guinness World Records
• One for longest lifespan
• She lived 48 years!
• 1945-1993
• Only 3 months shy of her 49th birthday
• Even one of her calves lived to be 35
• The other for longest time breeding
• She gave birth to 39 calves
• She helped raise $75,000
for cancer research
Courtesy Joy Hornaday Tannies 2012
Taxonomy/ Zoological
Classification
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
– Even – toed ungulate
• Family: Bovidae
• Genus: Bos
• Species:
B. tarus
B. indicus
Courtesy Joy Hornaday Tannies 2012
Terminology
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Cow: Mature female
Bull: Mature male
Steer: Castrated male
Heifer: Immature female
Calf: Neonate
Heifer calf: Neonate female less than one year of
age. Can be called first, second, third or fourth calf
heifers.
• Bull calf: Neonate male younger than 1 year of age
• Calving: The act of parturition
Physiological Data
• Temperature
– 100º F to 102.5º F
• Pulse rate
– 40 to 80 per minute
• Respiration rate
– 10 to 30 per minute
• Adult weight
– Varies by breed
Anatomical Terms
Types - bones
vertebrae
and certain facial bones
carpal and
tarsal bones
sternum, ribs,
scapula,
and certain skull
bones
humerus, radius, femur,
tibia,
metacarpals, and
metatarsals
patella,
and proximal and
distal sesamoid
bones of the
digits.
Bovine Skeleton
7, 13, 6, 5 (fused), 18-20: Olecranon; Ligamentum nuchae
Comparative Vertebrae
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
Canine/
Feline
7
13
7
3
6-23
Equine
7
18
7
5
15 - 21
Bovine
7
13
6
5
18 - 20
Porcine
7
14 - 15
6-7
4
20 - 23
Ovine
7
13
6–7
4
16 - 18
types of vertebrae
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NAME--------REGION---------BEEF--------------LAMB
Cervical--------Neck------------------7-----------------------7
Thoracic-------Ribcage---------------13---------------------13 to 14
Lumbar--------Loin--------------------6----------------------6 to 7
Sacral ---------Sirloin------------------5----------------------4
Caudal---------Tail--------------------18 to 20--------------16 to 18
Foot, Digits, Claws and Dewclaws
digits or
toes
foot (Dyce)
dewclaw (hoof
only)
fetlock jt.
pastern jt.
coffin jt.
bulb (heel)
sole
wall
claws (hoof)
14
Common and Lateral Digital Extensor
common digital
Tendons
extensor:
Note: “just like” the
horse, but double
because 2 digits.
medial head
lateral digital extensor
lateral head
Dorsal view:
Note: three
palpable extensor
tendons, rather
than two as in the
horse.
L
IV
III
M
15
Cloven (split) hoof: Cattle/ goat/ sheep
2 digits: III and IV with 3 phalanges. Digits II and V: vestiges
Weight bearing: front medial and hind lateral
Erosion on the foot caused by FMD
or Vesicular Stomatitis which are
grossly indistinguishable from one
another.
• Coronoid process is located medially to the zygomatic arch
Process allows muscle leverage to be exerted onto the mandible
Mandibular condyle: joint between the skull and the lower
In cattle and sheep, the mandibular condyle is relatively flat and
allows considerable movement in a horizontal
plane.
Lateral movement is important in animals whose teeth work with a grinding
action.
Did You Know??
Instead of upper incisors, they have a buildup of tissue called a dental pad.
Courtesy Joy Hornaday Tannies 2012
Dental Pad
• Ruminants such
as cattle, sheep
and goats
• "dental pad", as
shown in the
image to the right
of a goat.
DENTAL FORMULA
Species
Dental Formula
Total # teeth
Canine - puppy
313
313
28 (NO MOLARS)
Canine - adult
3142
3143
42 (EXTRA MOLAR ON
MANDIBLE)
Feline - kitten
313
312
26
Feline - adult
3131
3121
30 (EXTRA PRE-MOLAR
ON MAXILLA)
Equine - adult
3133
314/33
40 0r 42
Porcine - adult
3143
3143
44
Bovine adult
0033
3133
32 (NO UPPER INCSORS
– DENTAL PAD)
Dental Formulae - Ruminants
003
Deciduous
3 1 3 =10
0033
Permanent 3 1 3 3
=16
Some authors prefer to state that they have 4 incisors, with the
canine tooth referred to as the fourth or corner incisor.
• Llamas*
Eruption – Permanent teeth
Teeth
I1
I2
Age at eruption
1.5 – 2 yr.
2 – 2.5 yr.
I3
I4 or C
1st cheek tooth PM2
3 – 3.5 yr.
3.5 – 4 yr.
2 – 2.5 yr.
PM3 second cheek tooth
PM4 third cheek tooth
M1 (4th cheek tooth)
1.5 – 2.5 yr.
2.5 – 3 yr.
5 – 6 months
M2 fifth cheek tooth
1 – 1.5 yr.
M3 sixth cheek tooth
2 – 2.5 yrs
1 = How old?
Rostral
•Teeth are longer and narrower
•Not touching at upper corner
•15 – 18 months
Rostral - lateral
2. How old?
Eruption of one or more central
incisors
1.5 – 2 years
4. How old?
I3: 3 – 3.5 yr.
I4: 3.5 – 4 yr.
Peg teeth
Llama and Alpacas
• Maxillary teeth : the third incisor and canine: I3 and C1
• Mandibular teeth shown are I1-I4.
• Fighting teeth are the upper third incisors, upper canines, and lower
fourth incisors (six total teeth).
• The fighting teeth Courtesy of Dr. Bradford B. Smith and Dr. Karen I.
Timm
Maxillary Arcade
• Note the lack of
incisors
Maxillary Arcade
(Lateral view)
Mandibular Arcade
Mandibular Arcade
(Lateral view)
The wide gap: diastema
Plan of neck in beef, showing:1, ligamentum nuch; 2,
atlas; and 3, axis. The ligamentum nuchae is pale yellow
• Atlanto – occipital: nodding head
• Atlanto – axial: rotation
• The ligamentum nuchae is a very
strong elastic ligament
Ribcage
• The cage formed by thoracic vertebrae, ribs and
sternum is an essential component of the
respiratory system.
• Thoracic vertebrae are distinguished by their tall
dorsal spines, many of which point towards the
hindquarter and are known as the feather bones.
The structure of the ribcage is rather variable in
lamb carcasses
BEEF----------LAMB
Total pairs of ribs-------------13--------------13 to 14
Pairs of sternal ribs-----------8----------------8
Pairs of asternal ribs----------5---------------5 to 6
Number of sternebrae--------7---------------6 to 7
Pelvis
• The left pubis is
separated from
the right pubis
by
fibrocartilage
–In parturition,
softens
V
Plan of the pelvis in a hanging beef carcass
showing:1, lesser sciatic notch; 2, ischiatic
spine; 3, greater sciatic notch; 4, psoas tubercle;
5, obturator foramen; 6, symphysis pubis;7,
ischium; and 8, ilium.
Pubic
The tuber coxae forms the basis
of the point of the hip (hooks)
Another plan of the both sides of the pelvis in a hanging carcass showing: 1, tuber
coxae; 2, acetabulum; 3, acetabular ramus of ischium; 4, tuber ischii;
5, symphysis pubis; 6, ilium; 7, pubis; and 8, ischium
OS COXAE - PELVIS
The pelvic girdle comprised of the
illium, ishium, and pubis. This is
the largest of the the flat bones
Ilium – Ischium - Pubis
• The largest and most anterior of the
three parts of the pelvic girdle
• Hip bone/ Pin bone
• Smallest of the three parts of
the pelvic girdle
Aitch bone – Body of shaft of Ischium
• The aitch bone is curved in steer and
bull carcasses, is moderately curved in
heifers, but is straight in cow carcasses
Forelimb skeleton -Scapula
• The scapula is not fused to the
vertebral column (like the pelvis
in the hindlimb), and this allows
muscles that hold the scapula to
the ribcage to function as shock
absorbers during locomotion.
• The scapula has a distal socket
joint for the next bone in the
forelimb, the humerus.
• This socket of the glenohumeral
joint is called the glenoid
cavity .
– The glenoid cavity is wide and
shallow, unlike the ball and socket
joint in the hindlimb which is
narrow and deep.
ACROMION
• On the lateral face
of the scapula is a
prominent ridge of
bone called the
spine of the
scapula.
– In beef (OX)
carcasses, the
scapular spine is
extended distally
as a prominent
acromion
process.
Humerus – “Arm bone / clod bone”
• Proceeding distally down the forelimb, the bone that
articulates with the scapula is the humerus.
• Proximally, the humerus has a relatively flat knob or
head to fit into the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
Two well defined condyles on the distal end of the
humerus contribute to the hinge joint at the elbow.
Radius & Ulna: (‘Foreshank bone’)
Beef shankbones showing: 1, distal end of humerus; 2, olecranon
fossa; 3, olecranon process;, 4,radius; 5, ulna; and 6, carpal bones.
• The radius is joined to the ulna and is
the shorter and more anterior bone of
the pair
Femur – ‘Round bone or leg bone’
• The proximal bone of the hindlimb is the femur or
round bone. The articular head of the femur is deeply
rounded and it bears a round ligament that holds it
into the acetabulum.
• Another distinctive feature of the femur is the broad
groove between the two trochlear ridges
located distally. The patella or knee cap slides in
this groove
Tibia – ‘hind shank – hock bone’
• In beef and lamb
carcasses there is a
single major bone,
the tibia or shank
bone, located
distally to the femur.
• Tibia and fibula
1, medial condyle,
2, lateral condyle;
3, tibia, and
4, fibula.
References
• http://w3.vet.cornell.edu/virtualvet/bovine/tissue_lesions.aspx?Tis
=37
• http://bovine.unl.edu/bovine3D/eng/nIntro.jsp
• http://studentvet.wordpress.com/2010/07/29/bovineforelimb/#Humerus
• McBride Douglas, Learning Veterinary terminology, 2002
• http://vetmed.illinois.edu/courses/imaging_anatomy/bovine/hindli
mb/foot/ex01/ex01.html
• K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for
Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012
• www.vet.k-state.edu/depts/ap/faculty/klimek/.../B-P248-268.ppt