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AP Outline: 600-1450
Regional and Transregional Interactions
I.Background Information
a) Improved technology led to growth of four primary trade routes
b) Ideas, religions, and technology spread through expanded trade routes.
c) Compass improved shipbuilding
d) Gunpowder shaped development of world.
e) Movement of people greatly altered world. Nomadic groups interacted with
settled people, leading to further change.
f) Religions preached equality of all believers in the eyes of G-d.
g) Patriarchal values dominated.
h) Monastic life of Buddhism and Christianity offered alternative path for women.
I) Political structures adapted to new conditions.
j) Diseases impacted population.
k) ISLAM
II. Primary Trade Routes
Trade Route
Location
Goods Traded
Silk Roads
From China across
Asia to the Middle
East
Silk, cloth, wool,
glass, horse, ivory,
Trans-Saharan
Across the Sahara
between North
Africa and Europe
beyond to West
Africa
Gold, ivory, slaves,
spices with salt,
cloth, metal work
Mediterranean
Linked Europe
with goods from
the Muslim World
and Asia
-Venice was center
of commerce
*Goods made in
China
Ideas/Religions
traded
-Spread Buddhism
and Christianity
(temples built for
Buddhist
merchants)
-Europeans
became interested
in finding a water
route to China
Helped the rise of
African kingdoms
in West Africa
-Islam spread
through West
Africa
Linked Europe to
the much greater
trade network of
the Indian Ocean
Indian Ocean
-Controlled trade
of imports from
Asia
Major route
between East Asia
and Africa
-Made possible by
monsoons
-Groups that
traded were
Chinese, Arab,
Indians,
Indonesians,
Malayans
Slaves, ivory, gold,
and iron from
Africa
-Porcelain from
China
-Pottery from
Burma
-Cloth from India
Brought prosperity
to East Africa
(trade networks
developed within
continent)
-Set the stage for
African trading
cities
-Arabic and Bantu
languages spread
-Brought Islam to
coastal Bantu
speakers
***Missionaries travelled throughout Asia (Buddhist, Christian, and Muslim)
***Peace and trade with Buddhists and Muslims
***Crusades and war between Christian and Muslims (1095-1204)
--All of the above were results of trade interaction
III. Chinese Dynasties (Tang & Song)
Tang- (618-907)
Song- (960-1279)
*Sui Dynasty (581-618) came before these two, and reunited China. It used
Buddhism and the Confucian civil service exam to establish legitimacy. Rebellions
overthrew the empire, but it laid important foundations for the Tang and Song.
Dynasty
Tang
Political
Development
Expanded
territory
beyond China
(Korea and
Tibet)
-Confucian
beliefs were
incorporated
into the govt.
by using the
civil service
exam
-Govt. imposed
high taxes that
led to peasant
Economy
Culture
Influence
-Protected
traders on silk
roads
-Equal field
systempeasants were
given land in
return for a tax
-Had major
city with trade
and markets
that brought
goods from
Middle East
-Population
-Influenced by
Buddhism
-Empress Wu
started schools
dedicated to
Buddhism and
Confucian
teachings
-Support for
the arts was
given by the
govt.
-Women had
arranged
marriages, but
Towards end
of dynasty
Buddhism was
attacked as
“foreign
religion”
-Monasteries
were
destroyed and
NeoConfucianism
developed
-People
wanted to
limit foreign
Song
rebellion,
which ended
the empire
expanded
they could
own property,
move about in
public, and
remarry, and
inherit
property
-Civil service
exam came to
prominence
-Powerful land
owners were
kept in check
by this system
-Rare upward
mobility
-Reestablished
tribute system
with the
nomads
-Ineffective
army
-Nomads
eventually
attacked and
the north came
under their
control, but
the south
prosperedeventually
Mongols took
over
-Rice
production
double (new
fast ripening
rice)
-Internal trade
flourished
with an
increase in
merchants
-Capital city
became huge
manufacturing
center
(cannons,
mills, looms,
etc.)
-Copper coins
were used as
cash and
replaced paper
currency
-Officials
collected taxes
in cash and
credit was
used by
Women were
allowed to
keep dowries,
access to new
jobs as
merchants,
foot binding
-Foot binding
became
symbol of
wealth and
status
-Resulted in
restrictions on
women
influence so
Buddhism and
Confucian
ideas were
used
-NeoConfucianism
influenced
Japan and
Korea
-Paying tribute
became
important
-Outsiders had
to show how
China was
superior
(kowtow)
Letters of
credit
-Urbanizations
-Compass
-Printing press
-Invention of
gunpowder
merchants
-Compasses
were created
and cotton
sails which
made them
have a
powerful navy
-Leaders in
Afro-Eurasian
trade
**Influence over Japan, Korea, and Vietnam:
Japan:(572-1192) voluntarily borrowed from China, never invaded or conquered by
China (geography), modeled administration and govt. after Chinese, 17 article
constitution, Chinese school, writing, and arts became part of Japan, Buddhism
never took hold, decentralized power took over
Korea: (600-1400) resisted Chinese control, maintained political independence
(Silla & Koryo Dynasties), efforts to replicate Chinese court life and administrative
system, acceptance of Chinese culture, Confucianism=negative impact, women lost
rights, and able to maintain Korean culture
Vietnam: (39-939) rebellion over assimilation (Trung Sisters), adopted Chinese
approach to govt, and distinct culture remained in place,
IV. Islam (630)
Religion Muhammad Beliefs
Islam
Born in
Mecca
-Orphaned,
but was
taken in my
family and
became a
prosperous
merchant
-Married a
widow
-Felt the
need to
withdraw
from
Political
Development
-Only one G- Shia & Sunni
d (Allah)
-After
-Everyone
Muhammad’s
was equal in death,
the eyes of
argument
Allah
began over
- Muhammad successor
was the last
-Shia believed:
prophet from leader should
Judaism and be descendent
Christianity
of Muhammad
-Quran-Sunni
Muhammad’s believed:
revelations
wisest or
written
strongest
Economic
Development
Trade
flourished
Manufacturers
grew in cities
-Paper mills
set up
-Spread goods
to other
places around
the world
(coffee, fruit,
sugarcane,
etc.)
Influence
Islam
spread to
Africa
and
Southeast
Asia
through
trade
routes
Dominant
religions
in the
world
society
Revelations
from Allah
started in
610
-Had to flee
Mecca and
go to
Medina
-Viewed as
prophet in
Medina
down
-5 pillars
-Open to
everyone
-Promises
salvation to
all who
believe
-Social
justice and
equality are
preached
member of the
tribe should
take over
-Since
Muhammad
had no
surviving sons,
his father-inlaw took over
Caliphpolitical and
religious
leader
-Empires:
Umayyad
(military
strength
allowed them
to conquer,
had
administration,
and was
tolerant of all
people)
Abbasid
(overthrew
Umayyad, had
capital in
Baghdad and
had
commerceeventually
broke down
into multiple
caliphates)
V. Byzantine vs. Decentralized States (Western Europe)
The Roman Empire was officially divided between east and west in 375. The
western half declined largely impart to the lack of economic strength in the area and
political unrest. The Great Schism in 1054, created a separation in Christianity
(Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodoxy)
Byzantine Empire (4th century-1453)
-Eastern Roman Empire
Western Europe (Around 500-1000)
-Considered “backwards” to the rest of
-Justinian- 1st emperor (527-565)
-He tried to conquer western Europe but
failed
-He controlled political and religious
power
-He replaced Latin with Greek as the
official language
-Hereditary monarchy
-Efficient military
-Controlled large trade routes and
products (grain)
-Land was distributed
-Emperor was considered to act on
behalf of Christ
-Free peasants were given land for
military service
-Located on Mediterranean sea
-Silk industry developed
-Artisans produced gold, silver, and glass
-Culture wasn’t imposed on people
-Mobility was rare, but could be achieved
-Eastern Orthodox
-Wealthier and more urbanized than the
west
-Continuation of Roman empire
the world
-No centralized govt.
-Germanic tribes took over (poor,
uneducated farmers.
-Charlemagne tried to unite the area, but
failed
-Feudal system in place (manoral
system)
-Rigid social hierarchy (lord, vassal, etc.)
-Centralizing force was the Church
-Pope head of the church
-Roman Catholic religion
-Peasants became serfs
-Lowest class paid the highest taxes
-Manors were self-sufficient
-Manors had their own private armies
-15th-17th century, cities and trade began
to grow
-Merchant guilds developed
-Birth determined your social status
-Marriage was the way to gain political
power
-Women could become nuns to gain
some small power
-Idea of chivalry developed
-Monasteries dominated this half of
Europe
-More rural than Byzantine empire
***Eastern Orthodoxy-caesoropapism, emperor head of church and state, emperor
appointed leader of church, provided cultural identity, leaders can trace lineage
back to apostles, Holy Trinity important
VI. European & Japanese Feudalism
While Europe had fallen into the middle Ages, Japan was all going through a
transitional period. From 600-1000 Japan had started out with clan members who
eventually tried to use China’s govt. model to create a large empire-building state;
this was unsuccessful. Because Japan could not be unified, a feudal system came to
pass. Economically, Japans biggest social class consisted of the peasantry. Japan was
a predominantly agricultural society and had artisans. Culturally, the Japanese
practiced Shinto- a religion native to Japan that explained everything was possessed
by a spirit. Nature was very important and the first emperor of Japan, Yamato,
claimed they were descended from the Sun goddess. Japan also adopted other ideas
from China like its technology and some Buddhism. An important work of literature
from this time was the Tale of Genji. Wives could inherit land from men and often
owned land. There were also women priestesses.
X
Dates
Japanese Feudalism
Mid 800’s in opposition to
the power of Fujiwara
Social Structure
-Emperor was a puppet
ruler of figurehead
-Shoguns had real power
from 1100’s-1940’s
Emperor
Lord
Vassal
Samurai
Rank
Economic Base
Later on…
Shogun
Daimyo
Samurai
Small agricultural
population
European Feudalism
By 800’s after the division
of Charlemagne’s Holy
Roman Empire (after the
fall of Rome)
Monarchs had power, but
local lords sometimes had
more
Monarch
Lord
Vassal
Knight
Peasant
Serf
-Large population
engaged in agriculture
(manor system)
-High Middle Ages had
cities which produced
trade
***Remember to review the changes that took place in Europe during the High
Middle Ages (1000-1450)
VII. Nomadic Empires
Empire
Arabs
Areas Conquered
North Africa, Spain, West
Africa, Central Asia, and
East Asia
Examples: Ghana, Mali,
and Swahili city-states
Impact
-Unified Political Unit
-Spread religion
-Religious toleration
-Preservation of Greek
and Roman culture
Ghana- (500-1200)
important area and center
for gold trade and
received salt, ivory,
horses, cloth, and salves
Mali- (1235-1400)
protected Islamic
merchants, brought
people with him to make
the hajj, built libraries,
schools, and mosques
(Timbuktu was the
capital)
Turks
Mongols
Central Asia, Middle East,
and Asia Minor (10001450)
Persia, China, Russia, and
Eastern Europe (12001550)
Swahili states (900-1500)merchants traded many
goods, king converted to
Islam like other areas,
stone towers, palaces,
mosques, public buildings,
and had silk
-Islam
-Defeated Byzantine
Empire
-Takes Jerusalem during
Crusades
The Seljuk Turks & Afghan
Turks started the Delhi
Sultanate-ruled northern
India from (1206-1526)strong Muslim presence in
India
-Created largest land
empire in the world
-Spread other cultures
-Improved trade
throughout Asia and
eastern Europe
-Paper money, banking,
and letters of credit were
used
-Once areas were
conquered, an extended
time of peace was created
Persia: very destructive,
shook faith, profound
damage to area,
transformed more here
than in China, Mongols
converted to Islam,
increased wine and silk
production, but neglected
irrigation system and
farming
Russia- destruction of
cities and widespread
slaughter, did not directly
occupy Russia, some
prices flourished, Mongol
rulers of Russia were far
less assimilated than
other areas, princes
adopted some of Mongols
way
Vikings
Went through Europe via
water ways
China: conquest of
southern China far less
violent, took them awhile
to take over, unified a
divided China, Mongol
rule was harsh, Forbidden
city established, Mongol
law discriminated against
Chinese, women had more
power under Mongols,
used China’s
administration
-Raped and pillaged
villages
-Led to Europeans seeking
better protection methods
-Incredible chip building
-Some women taken as
slaves to Scandinavia
***Migration of agricultural peoples (e.g. Bantu migrations, European peoples
to east/central Europe)
Bantus were agricultural people who traveled throughout Africa; spread
language; slave trade networks established (look up more)
Various Germanic and Slavs moved throughout Europe; caused political
instability
 
Increased agriculture and population puts strain on the environment
VIII. American Civilizations
Civilization
Economic
Structure
Political Structure
Aztec (around
1400-1521)Mexico
-Agricultural
economy
-Emperor (claimed -Military strong
they were
-Warrior tradition
descendants of
earlier people)
-Polytheistic
-Loosely
-Priest class to
structured and
oversee everything
unstable
-Mercenaries
-Decentralized
states paid tribute
-Local and longdistance trade
-Salves
-Tenochtitlan
-Tribute states
-Rigid class
system
Cultural Structure
-Human sacrifice
(need blood for Gd)
-Reason for
collapse: smallpox
and invasion by
Spain
Inca (around 1400- -Agricultural
1540)-Peru
economy
-Divine emperor
-Polytheistic
-Centralized
empire (Cuzco)
-Few rights for
women
-Building with
stone
-Privileged class
of nobles headed
by the king
-No written
language, but used
quipu
-Domesticated
plants and animals
-Royal ancestors
respected
-Massive
resettlement
programs used
-Trade
-Quipu used to
keep tax
-Large urban
centers
-Labor was for
information,
census records,
and other data
Reason for
collapse: smallpox
and Spain
everyone
-Multiple
provinces all
locally governed
under emperor
-State distributed
goods to people
-Smaller human
sacrifice
Maya (around
300-900)-Mexico
-Agricultural
(COR & BEANS)
-Urban areas with
thousands of
people
-City-states linked
by trade using seas
-City-states
-Mathematics
Collapse: not
-Astronomy
completely sure-Medicine
either lack or
resources, warfare,
-Pyramids
or environment
-Polytheistic
-Complex temples
and buildings
-Hieroglyphic
writing
**Both Aztecs & Incas: women and men were separate but equal (religiously,
culturally, and economically), and both had glorified militaries
IX. Disease
From the 1340’s-1600’s, disease heavily impacted the development and
downfall of empires. The disease that had the largest impact was the Bubonic
Plague or Black Death. This horrible sickness killed of 1/3 of the European
population. The disease originated in China, but was able to spread from rats that
traveled on ships trading throughout Eurasia. The Mongols spread the disease the
furthest.
This disease was highly contagious and most people died within a few days.
Some of the ailments included high fevers, swollen lympnodes, chills, cramps,
seizures, blisters, and other flu like symptoms.
The economic and cultural effects of this disease lingered for hundreds of
years. Because population decreased, there were labor shortages so workers
demanded higher wages. Peasants rebelled, which led to a decrease in serfdom and
a weakening of the feudal system. Anti-Semitism also increased because Jews
were used as scapegoats and were accused of poisoning wells. The Church still
maintained its power, but many people questioned the power of G-d.
X. The Crusades (1095-1204)
The Crusades were a series of holy wars fought between Muslims and
Christians, each believing the other group were non-believers and needed to be
eradicated.
Important People
Important Events
Impact
King Saladi
-Roman Catholic
Church wanted to
recapture Palestine from
the Muslims-this set off
the Crusades in 1095
under Pope Urban II
(known as the 1st
crusade)
-Encouraged trade
between western Europe
and the Muslim
merchants
Richard the Lion-Hearted
Pope Urban II
-The fighting continued,
each side retaking
Jerusalem.
-The 4th crusade was
fought between the
crusaders and eastern
orthodox groups- the
crusaders took
Constantinople and held
it for 50 years
-Christians lost the
crusades to the Muslims
during the last battle
-An increase in demand
for Asian goods
-Italian cities profited by
acting at ports (Venice)
-Europe was
reintroduced to goods,
technology, and other
things from the Middle
East and Asia
XI. Important Travelers
Because long-distance trade was prompted during this time period, there were
numerous travelers that recorded their accounts of traveling. Two important figures that
did this were Marco Polo & Ibn Battuta.
Marco Polo (1253-1324)
Ibn Battuta (1304-1369)
-Italian merchant from Venice
-Muslim Scholar from Morocco
-Traveled through the Silk Road to the
Mongol Empire
-Traveled throughout Dar al –Islam: West
Africa, India, and Southeast Asia
-He was given authorization from Kublai
Khan to pursue mercantile and domestic
missions (17 years)
-He wrote about the customs and places he
traveled
-He influenced European interest in goods
from East Asia
-He was captured during a war after he
returned home to Venice and told his
stories about China and the individual
compiled them together
-He commented freely on what he saw
throughout the different empires
-Demonstrated widespread influence of
Islam
-He found positions in the empires he
visited
XII. Primary and Secondary Sources
For each of the following items, individuals, or stories, please explain what they are,
where they come from, and how it relates to the unit.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How did the trading city of Venice work?
Why silk such an important commodity?
How did credit work during this time period (choose 1 location)?
What was the impact of paper money being used?
How did the Vikings use their shipbuilding skills to travel (describe
processes)
6. Explain the diffusion of language of the Bantu language.
7. How were the Chinese merchants in Southeast Asia a diasporic community?
8. Explain the diffusion of culture in terms of the expansion of Buddhism.
9. Explain how patriarchy remained strong in 2 empires or cultures from this
unit.
10. How did the tribute system work in China?
11. How did China influence Japan?
XIII. Art & Maps