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Nutritional Needs
Name__________________________________ Date_______________ Period________
Chapter 2 Study Sheet
Complete the statement as you read Chapter 2.
1. The study of how your body uses the food you eat is called__________________.
2. If you do not eat the foods your body needs, you may suffer from ______________.
3. A chemical substance in food that helps maintain the body is a ________________.
4. The nutrient that serves as the body’s chief source of energy is________________.
5. Cellulose is main source of ______________, which provides bulk in the diet.
6. Sugars, syrups, candies, jams, jellies, pastries, and dried fruits are all sources of
_____________________ carbohydrates.
7. Cereal grains, legumes, pasta products, breads, crackers, and fresh fruits and
vegetables are sources of ____________________ carbohydrates.
8. ________________ belongs to a larger group of compounds called lipids, which
included both fats and oils.
9. All lipids contain chemical chains called ______________ -______________
which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
10. Fatty acids that have as many hydrogen atoms as they can hold are called
_______________ fatty acids.
11. Fatty acids that are missing one hydrogen atom are called ______________ fatty
acids.
12. Fatty acids that are missing two or more hydrogen atoms are called
______________ fatty acids.
13. Unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature, but can be made solid
through a process called ___________________.
14. A fatlike substance that is found in every cell in the body and occurs in foods of
animal origin is _____________________.
15. Proteins are made up of small units called _______________ ________________.
16. Proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids in amounts sufficient to support
growth and maintenance of body tissues are called _______________ proteins.
17. Proteins that are lacking one or more essential amino acids and will support neither
growth and maintenance of body tissues are called ________________ proteins.
18. List six important proteins sources.
A.___________________ B.__________________ C._________________
D.___________________ E.___________________. F._________________
19. __________________ are complex organic substances needed in small amounts for
normal growth, maintenance, and reproductions.
20. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are __________________ ________________ vitamins,
which can be stored in the body.
21. Vitamin C and the B complex vitamins are ______________ ____________
vitamins, which are not stored by the body to any great extent.
22. Dark green and yellow fruits and vegetables, like spinach and squash, contain the
provitamin ____________________, which the body can convert into vitamin A.
23. The major function of vitamin D is to promote the growth and proper mineralization
of ___________________ and teeth.
24. The body can make vitamin D with the exposure to __________________, but this
is not a reliable source of the vitamin.
25. Vitamin E functions as a ________________ ________________, reducing the
amount of oxygen available to react with substances that could be harmed by
oxygen.
26. Vitamin K helps the liver make a substance called prothrombin, which is a protein
blood needs to ____________________.
27. Vitamin C aids in the formation of collagen and hemoglobin, helps wounds heal,
and helps the body fight ________________.
28. ___________________ fruits, strawberries, and cantaloupe are good fruit sources of
vitamin C.
29. Beriberi, a disease of the nervous system, led to the discovery of
_________________, or vitamin B.
30. Wheat germ, pork products, legumes, and whole grain and _________________
cereals are good sources of thiamin.
31. _____________________, or vitamin B forms part of the coenzymes needed for the
breakdown of carbohydrates in the body.
32. Pellagra, a disease affecting the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous systems, is
caused by a deficiency of a___________________.
33. Vitamin B, which is also known as _________________, helps nervous tissues
function normally and plays a role in the regeneration of red blood cells.
34. Folate is especially important in the diets of _____________________
____________________ to help prevent damage to the brain and spinal cord of
unborn babies.
35. Vitamin B promotes normal growth and protects against the development of
__________________ anemia.
36. Because vitamin B is found mainly in animal protein foods, strict ________________________ may
have a deficiency.
37. ______________________ ____________________, another B complex vitamin, is
needed for the metabolism of the energy nutrients and the production of cholesterol
and antibodies.
38. Biotin is needed for the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates, and
____________________ in the body.
39. _____________________ are inorganic substance that make up four percent of your
body weight.
40. Minerals needed in amounts less than 100 milligrams per day are called microminerals or
__________________ _________________.
41. If the body draws needed calcium from the bones, bones can become porous and brittle, a condition
known as ________________________.
42. _______________________ works with calcium to give strength to bones and teeth.
43. Although healthy, well-nourished people receive enough ____________________, deficiencies can
occur in alcoholics and people suffering from malfunctioning kidneys, server diarrhea, or malnutrition.
44. Sodium, chlorine, and potassium work together to control ___________________, the process whereby
fluids flow in and out of cells through the cell walls.
45. In the blood, iron combines with a protein to form _______________, which carries oxygen from the
lungs to cells throughout the body.
46. Iodine is an essential part of the hormone thyroxine, which is produced by the _________________
gland.
47. Symptoms of _________________ poisoning include a masklike face and spastic movements.
48. When the body does not obtain enough copper, the number of _______________________________
cells decreases.
49. Zinc helps a number of ___________________ perform their functions
50. In the teeth, fluorine is needed for maximum resistance to ______________________________.
51. Excess _____________________ may cause a toxic reaction resulting in hair and nails loss.
52. Lubricating the joints and body calls and regulating body temperature are functions of
_____________________, a major nutrient.
53. The bodily process of breaking down food into simpler compounds the body can use is
__________________.
54. Food is pushed through the digestive tract by longitudinal and circular muscle fibers, which work
together to produce a wavelike movement called_______________________.
55. Millions of hairlike fingers called _________________ increase the surface area of the small intestines,
where most nutrient absorption takes place.
56. After nutrients are absorbed by the body, they undergo chemical processes in the cells that are
collectively called __________________.
57. The amount of energy the human body needs to stay alive and carry on vital processes is
____________________ ________________.
58. The unit of measurement used in nutrition to measure the energy value of foods is the
_________________.
59. The physiological value of carbohydrates and proteins is _____ calories/ grams, and the value of fats is
___ calories/ grams.
60. When the energy you obtain from food __________________ the amount of energy you expend your
body weight remains the same.