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Nutritional Needs Name__________________________________ Date_______________ Period________ Chapter 2 Study Sheet Complete the statement as you read Chapter 2. 1. The study of how your body uses the food you eat is called__________________. 2. If you do not eat the foods your body needs, you may suffer from ______________. 3. A chemical substance in food that helps maintain the body is a ________________. 4. The nutrient that serves as the body’s chief source of energy is________________. 5. Cellulose is main source of ______________, which provides bulk in the diet. 6. Sugars, syrups, candies, jams, jellies, pastries, and dried fruits are all sources of _____________________ carbohydrates. 7. Cereal grains, legumes, pasta products, breads, crackers, and fresh fruits and vegetables are sources of ____________________ carbohydrates. 8. ________________ belongs to a larger group of compounds called lipids, which included both fats and oils. 9. All lipids contain chemical chains called ______________ -______________ which contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. 10. Fatty acids that have as many hydrogen atoms as they can hold are called _______________ fatty acids. 11. Fatty acids that are missing one hydrogen atom are called ______________ fatty acids. 12. Fatty acids that are missing two or more hydrogen atoms are called ______________ fatty acids. 13. Unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature, but can be made solid through a process called ___________________. 14. A fatlike substance that is found in every cell in the body and occurs in foods of animal origin is _____________________. 15. Proteins are made up of small units called _______________ ________________. 16. Proteins that contain all nine essential amino acids in amounts sufficient to support growth and maintenance of body tissues are called _______________ proteins. 17. Proteins that are lacking one or more essential amino acids and will support neither growth and maintenance of body tissues are called ________________ proteins. 18. List six important proteins sources. A.___________________ B.__________________ C._________________ D.___________________ E.___________________. F._________________ 19. __________________ are complex organic substances needed in small amounts for normal growth, maintenance, and reproductions. 20. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are __________________ ________________ vitamins, which can be stored in the body. 21. Vitamin C and the B complex vitamins are ______________ ____________ vitamins, which are not stored by the body to any great extent. 22. Dark green and yellow fruits and vegetables, like spinach and squash, contain the provitamin ____________________, which the body can convert into vitamin A. 23. The major function of vitamin D is to promote the growth and proper mineralization of ___________________ and teeth. 24. The body can make vitamin D with the exposure to __________________, but this is not a reliable source of the vitamin. 25. Vitamin E functions as a ________________ ________________, reducing the amount of oxygen available to react with substances that could be harmed by oxygen. 26. Vitamin K helps the liver make a substance called prothrombin, which is a protein blood needs to ____________________. 27. Vitamin C aids in the formation of collagen and hemoglobin, helps wounds heal, and helps the body fight ________________. 28. ___________________ fruits, strawberries, and cantaloupe are good fruit sources of vitamin C. 29. Beriberi, a disease of the nervous system, led to the discovery of _________________, or vitamin B. 30. Wheat germ, pork products, legumes, and whole grain and _________________ cereals are good sources of thiamin. 31. _____________________, or vitamin B forms part of the coenzymes needed for the breakdown of carbohydrates in the body. 32. Pellagra, a disease affecting the skin, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous systems, is caused by a deficiency of a___________________. 33. Vitamin B, which is also known as _________________, helps nervous tissues function normally and plays a role in the regeneration of red blood cells. 34. Folate is especially important in the diets of _____________________ ____________________ to help prevent damage to the brain and spinal cord of unborn babies. 35. Vitamin B promotes normal growth and protects against the development of __________________ anemia. 36. Because vitamin B is found mainly in animal protein foods, strict ________________________ may have a deficiency. 37. ______________________ ____________________, another B complex vitamin, is needed for the metabolism of the energy nutrients and the production of cholesterol and antibodies. 38. Biotin is needed for the breakdown of fats, carbohydrates, and ____________________ in the body. 39. _____________________ are inorganic substance that make up four percent of your body weight. 40. Minerals needed in amounts less than 100 milligrams per day are called microminerals or __________________ _________________. 41. If the body draws needed calcium from the bones, bones can become porous and brittle, a condition known as ________________________. 42. _______________________ works with calcium to give strength to bones and teeth. 43. Although healthy, well-nourished people receive enough ____________________, deficiencies can occur in alcoholics and people suffering from malfunctioning kidneys, server diarrhea, or malnutrition. 44. Sodium, chlorine, and potassium work together to control ___________________, the process whereby fluids flow in and out of cells through the cell walls. 45. In the blood, iron combines with a protein to form _______________, which carries oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body. 46. Iodine is an essential part of the hormone thyroxine, which is produced by the _________________ gland. 47. Symptoms of _________________ poisoning include a masklike face and spastic movements. 48. When the body does not obtain enough copper, the number of _______________________________ cells decreases. 49. Zinc helps a number of ___________________ perform their functions 50. In the teeth, fluorine is needed for maximum resistance to ______________________________. 51. Excess _____________________ may cause a toxic reaction resulting in hair and nails loss. 52. Lubricating the joints and body calls and regulating body temperature are functions of _____________________, a major nutrient. 53. The bodily process of breaking down food into simpler compounds the body can use is __________________. 54. Food is pushed through the digestive tract by longitudinal and circular muscle fibers, which work together to produce a wavelike movement called_______________________. 55. Millions of hairlike fingers called _________________ increase the surface area of the small intestines, where most nutrient absorption takes place. 56. After nutrients are absorbed by the body, they undergo chemical processes in the cells that are collectively called __________________. 57. The amount of energy the human body needs to stay alive and carry on vital processes is ____________________ ________________. 58. The unit of measurement used in nutrition to measure the energy value of foods is the _________________. 59. The physiological value of carbohydrates and proteins is _____ calories/ grams, and the value of fats is ___ calories/ grams. 60. When the energy you obtain from food __________________ the amount of energy you expend your body weight remains the same.