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© Andrew Newbound 2009 Unit 1 © Andrew Newbound 2009 Environment – All of the things around us Community – a group of organisms that live in the same environment Habitat – Place where a plant or animal lives Adaptation – Special features which living things have that enable them to survive in their environment © Andrew Newbound 2009 Producer – Produce/Make food Consumer – Animal Herbivores – Eat plants Carnivore – Eat animals Omnivore – Eat plants and animals Predator – Animals which feeds on other animals Prey – the animal which the predator catches and eats © Andrew Newbound 2009 Food chain – a series of organisms showing feeding relationships Food webs – multiple food chains Respiration – combining food with oxygen Greenhouse Effect – Atmospheric heating caused by solar radiation being trapped in the atmosphere © Andrew Newbound 2009 It is basic to survival of every living thing © Andrew Newbound 2009 Living environment All of the living things affecting the survival of a species © Andrew Newbound 2009 Non living environment All of the non living things affecting the survival of a species © Andrew Newbound 2009 A natural environment: › maintains itself & provides the needs of the animals and plants living there › E.g. Lakes, rivers, rainforest A human environment: › Has been built by humans › E.g. cities, schools, skyscrapers © Andrew Newbound 2009 All of the living things in an area Ecological system Can be divided into parts: › Living/biotic › Non living/abiotic Can be large (Earth) or small (rock pool) © Andrew Newbound 2009 Animal/Plant Habitat Adaptation People Cities Technology, walk, hands Anemones Ocean Go through seaweed without it sticking Giraffe Savannah Long neck to get food Bats Caves Echolocation Whales Ocean Air hole Cacti Desert Spikes Ducks Ponds Webbed feet Seal Ocean Streamlined Body Shark Ocean Camouflage Polar bear Polar caps Camouflage, fur © Andrew Newbound 2009 Food is needed by all living things › Because it contains energy Need energy to survive Plants make own energy from the sun › Extra food used to make plant grow Food contains stored solar energy © Andrew Newbound 2009 Animals eat plants to get energy Animals must eat ready made food Arrow shows which way food goes © Andrew Newbound 2009 © Andrew Newbound 2009 Aren’t in Food chains Top Level Combining food with oxygen Opposite of photosynthesis Glucose + Oxygen V Water + carbon dioxide +energy © Andrew Newbound 2009 Done mainly by animals – only method of getting energy Plants do it when there is little sunlight for photosynthesis © Andrew Newbound 2009 Energy In Photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide and Respiration Water Energy Out © Andrew Newbound 2009 Glucose and Oxygen © Andrew Newbound 2009 About ¾ of the air in the atmosphere is in the troposphere The higher you go, the less air there is Troposphere – Weather Stratosphere – Stable, jets fly Ozone layer – Absorbs rays from sun © Andrew Newbound 2009 What is in Our Atmosphere Othere Gases Oxygen Nitrogen © Andrew Newbound 2009 © Andrew Newbound 2009 © Andrew Newbound 2009 Moon – major cause of tides on Earth We would still have tides without the moon because of the sun’s gravity © Andrew Newbound 2009 Fire Vegetation › Australian - Adapted › May kill plant Seeds reproduce after fire opens them Plants & animals › Now essential to survival of many natural ecosystems © Andrew Newbound 2009 Flood Some ecosystems require it for existence › E.g. Billabongs, swamps Wash in nutrients › Sustains community Drought Many plants & animals adapted © Andrew Newbound 2009 Adaptations of plants for fire › Lots of seeds › Produce seed pods Dormant until fire opens them up › Branches burnt – tree survives › Above ground dies – underground stays © Andrew Newbound 2009 Adaptations of animals for fire › Burrowing underground until fire passes › Seeking unburnt areas for refuge E.g. creeks & gullies Adaptations of plants for drought › Short lived › Seeds germinate when is rain Seeds coated with chemical – washed off by rain © Andrew Newbound 2009 Adaptations of plants for drought › Roots Broad & shallow/Deep roots › Leaves Hanging down Edges facing ground Hairy Small/rolled © Andrew Newbound 2009 Unit 2 © Andrew Newbound 2009 1st electricity seen › Lightning Amber › Fossilised tree sap - stone Rubbed amber › Magnetic – static electricity Electricity & electron mean amber Static electricity › E.g. balloon – hair © Andrew Newbound 2009 All substances made up of atoms Positively charged particles – Protons Negatively charged particles – electrons Protons & electrons NOT equal › Object charged Opposite charges attract Same charges repel © Andrew Newbound 2009 You become charged › Walking on woollen carpet › Using Vandegraph generator Electric wires made from copper Free electrons › Particles that move in a wire when electric current flows Circuit › complete pathway for electricity to flow © Andrew Newbound 2009 Electricity › energy pushing electrons in circuit Single path circuit – series/simple Multiple path circuit – parallel Resistance › How well a material con conduct electricty › Long piece of wire > shorter piece of wire › Thin wire > thick wire © Andrew Newbound 2009 Insulator › Material NOT GOOD at carrying electricity Conductor › Material GOOD at carrying electricity Coal › Commonly used fossil fuel to carry electricity Solar, Wind, Tidal – renewable energy © Andrew Newbound 2009 Moving electricity – electric current Electricity can produce › Light › Heat › Sound Circuit – required by electricity © Andrew Newbound 2009 Electricity leaves battery from positive side Electricity returns on the negative side © Andrew Newbound 2009 Lead Closed Switch Open Switch Fuse Globe Ammeter Volt Meter Cell Battery © Andrew Newbound 2009 Series › Electric current passes through every part › 1 after the other Parallel › Current splits › Portions go through each © Andrew Newbound 2009 Charged attracts uncharged objects Becoming charged › Losing electrons › Gaining electrons › Through a circuit Power source forces electrons through circuit © Andrew Newbound 2009 Larger source, larger current Protocells & thermocouples › Powered by light © Andrew Newbound 2009 Made when materials rub together More they rub, more electricity Occurs in many NON METAL Spark › Formed when electrons jump for where there are too many electrons to where there are too few Electroscope › Used to detect an electric charge Electric field › Around objects with an electric charge © Andrew Newbound 2009 Benjamin Franklin › American statesman, author, printer & inventor › Discovered lightning was a form of electricity Kite in storm experiment Myths About Electricity › Gods made thunder – ancient civilisations › Zeus – Greeks › Thor – Vikings © Andrew Newbound 2009 How Electricity Is Made › Ice falling in thunder clouds is swept back up › Ice rubbing together – lightning Uses of Static Electricity › Photocopiers Static on drum which attracts ink © Andrew Newbound 2009 Magnets › Push & pull each other › Attract iron › Made of alloy (mix of metals) Mostly iron › Commonly used in Fridges Videos Computers © Andrew Newbound 2009 Magnets › Bar magnets Used in schools Must be stored correctly to keep magnetism Wood separates, iron keeper at end › North Pole Points to Earth’s North pole © Andrew Newbound 2009 Work on › Iron, nickel, cobolt e › High iron content Ends of magnet › Poles › Tiny part of magnet › Align – magnetised 1st magnets › Magnetite/loadston Domain Unlike – attract Like – repel © Andrew Newbound 2009 › Out of alignment Knocked Heated Temporary magnet › Not permanently a magnet › Touching magnet Magnetic field lines › Point to N pole direction of magnet & electric current Lines in magnetic field › Wide – weak © Andrew Newbound 2009 Electric motor › Continually changes › Strongest at poles › Close – strong Magnetic field in wire › Increased – coiling › North to south Free-swinging magnet Generators work › Moving wire in magnet Create current Rely on magnetism › › › › › › Speakers CD readers PC hard drives Telephones Fridges Clothes driers Maglev › Magnet moving Pulses Repelling electromagnets © Andrew Newbound 2009 Telephone › Convert sound waves into electrical signal › And back › Kept above rails Data on hard drive Maglev › Magnetic Levitation › Moving Electromagnets in guide way - attraction Items that are magnetic › Attract to magnet Magnet › Piece of iron/steel › Attracts iron/steel Material made of › If attracts to magnet Magnets originated › Loadstone/Magnetite © Andrew Newbound 2009 Strong magnet strokes object › 1st time – become magnetised › 2nd and on – Become stronger Arrows in material – domain Magnet stroke another material › Domains align › Becomes magnetic Stroke paperclip with magnet › Becomes magnet © Andrew Newbound 2009 South compass end › Attracts to North end of magnet › Repels South end of magnet Compass is magnetic › Points North Free magnet › Points North © Andrew Newbound 2009 Earth is a magnet › North pole Attracts N pole of magnet South end of magnet › South pole Attracts S pole of magnet North end of magnet Iron particles sprinkled around magnet › Attract to magnet Iron particles › Single magnet Close around poles, wide elsewhere › 2 North ends pointing towards each other Filings away from middle of poles › North end towards South end In between magnets › Show magnetic field © Andrew Newbound 2009 Strongest › Poles › Attracting › Iron filing – close Magnets Weakest › Middle of magnet › Iron filings – wide © Andrew Newbound 2009 Iron filings – between › Repelling Iron Filings – not in Domains › Inside magnet › Tiny crystals › Make magnet magnetic Strong Weak Non magnetic © Andrew Newbound 2009 Electromagnets › Made of coil of wire wrapped around iron › Electricity flows = magnetic › No electricity = no magnet Permanent magnet › Always a magnet › Molten metal solidifying Temporary magnet › Sometimes a magnet › Stroking metal with magnet © Andrew Newbound 2009 Electromagnet › Can be turned off and on › Electric current running through metal Unit 3 © Andrew Newbound 2009 Respiratory • Lungs Skeletal • Bones & Joints Muscular • Ligaments & Tendons Digestive • Stomach & Intestines Excretory • Kidney & Lungs Circulatory • Heart & Blood © Andrew Newbound 2009 Digest food – body’s main fuel source Nutrients – carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins & minerals Pharynx – part of digestive & respiratory Liver – gests rid of poisons Rectum – stored faeces Irritable Bowel Syndrome › When muscles in colon (large intestine) don’t work at right speed © Andrew Newbound 2009 Cystic Fibrosis › Lungs & pancreas › Thick mucus can’t get out of lungs We swallow 2L of saliva per day Stomach acid – 2-3pH – 1 most acidic Proteins & carbs stay in stomach longest Gas – food contains air Vomit – membrane in stomach is irritated © Andrew Newbound 2009 Human body needs › Nutrients › Oxygen › Removal of waste Pulmonary artery › Carries blood from heart to lungs Pulmonary Vein › Carries blood from lungs to heart © Andrew Newbound 2009 Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle © Andrew Newbound 2009 Blue blood – lacks oxygen Red blood – has oxygen Left ventricle bigger than right › Pumps blood to whole body Energy Carbs © Andrew Newbound 2009 Water Oxygen + Glucose Breathing in Pharynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchiole Mucous in oesophagus – lubricant Peristalsis – moves food down oesophagus © Andrew Newbound 2009 Alvieoli © Andrew Newbound 2009 Room › Temp - 20°C Crust › Around the outside › 8-64km thick › Rocks and soil – soil on top › Surface - 20 °C › Deepest - 870 °C © Andrew Newbound 2009 Mantle › 2nd layer from › › › › outside 2,800km thick Solid rock Upper - 870 °C Lower - 2200 °C Outer Core Inner core › Below the mantle › Centre › 2000km thick › 1,400km thick › Molten iron & nickel › Solid iron & nickel › 2200 °C › 5000 °C © Andrew Newbound 2009 Lithosphere › Outside Layer of the Earth Asthenosphere › Bottom of crust, top of mantle › Moving Atmosphere › Layer of gases Biosphere › Inhabited layer Hydrosphere › Layer of water © Andrew Newbound 2009 Vents/holes in the earth where molten rock comes out Erupt – Active No signs of activity – Dormant Never active again – extinct Australian volcanoes – extinct Form when molten rock moves near surface of Earth Magma – inside volcano Lava – outside volcano © Andrew Newbound 2009 © Andrew Newbound 2009 © Andrew Newbound 2009 © Andrew Newbound 2009 10 mill x bigger than Hiroshima Ash – haft of USA 20 in history 10 + in America Yellowstone has one? 20+ earthquakes per week – Yellowstone Caldera – giant depression in Earth 500 Hiroshima bombs © Andrew Newbound 2009 1000x St Helens 1923 – 1970 – risen 2ft+ 1995 – 2000 – dropped Yellowstone – time bomb 100x bigger than Krakatau Magma + explosive gas 160x smaller than USA’s biggest made bomb Lift 10ft if volcano Piroglactic flow – rock + ash + gas Brain explodes © Andrew Newbound 2009 © Andrew Newbound 2009 Igneous › Can change to sedimentary/metamorphic › Formed when Magma cools – makes crystals Sedimentary › Can change into metamorphic/igneous Magma › Hot liquid made of minerals (form crystals when cool) › In ground – cools slowly – big crystals › Surface – cools quickly – small crystals © Andrew Newbound 2009 Sedimentary rocks › On surface, wind & water 1. Break rock into pieces 2. Carry pieces to another place 3. Drop - make layer 4. Layer buried 5. Sediments cemented together – sedimentary rock Sediments – rock pieces © Andrew Newbound 2009 Formed from sediments Most formed from weathered rock – been eroded then deposited Sandstone, mudstone, shale, siltstone, limestone, coal & conglomerate © Andrew Newbound 2009 Formed from molten rock (magma/lava) › Cools slow – large crystals › Cools fast – small crystals (basalt) © Andrew Newbound 2009 Formed from heat & pressure inside earth › Changes composition & appearance of minerals in rocks (metamorphism) If formed from mainly pressure › Identified by bands/flat leaf-like layers © Andrew Newbound 2009 Colour › Main colour › Colour if crushed › Not reliable › Rub across white tile (impurities) Streak Lustre Cleavage › Number of smooth › Shininess planes can break along › Metallic, brilliant, pearly, dull, earthy Hardness › How easily can be brocken © Andrew Newbound 2009 Minerals › Building blocks of rocks Ores › Minerals containing useful metal Indentify › Looks at several properties © Andrew Newbound 2009 Hardness Mineral 1 Talc 2 Gypsum 3 Calcite 4 Fluorite 5 Apatite 6 Feldspar 7 Quartz 8 Topaz 9 Corundum 10 Diamond Mineral › Naturally occurring, pure substance found in or on earth. Ore › Mineral with a large amount of useful metal in it Intrusive rock › Formed inside earth © Andrew Newbound 2009 Extrusive rock › Formed on the surface of the earth Fossil fuels › 75% world’s energy › 280 parts per million Oil reserves › Another 40 years Uncomfortable relying on middle east for oil Fossil fuels - pollution © Andrew Newbound 2009 Now › 350+ parts per million › Politically unstable Industrial revolution 9/10 warmest years – last decade Nuclear › not renewable Renewable energy › › › › Won’t run out +Evenly distributed Less polluting No net carbon emissions Wind energy industry › Growing quicker than › Hydroelectric Codrington wind farm › Enough electricity for 14,000 homes © Andrew Newbound 2009 All energy production › Environmental PC industry Next 10yrs 20% of growth in renewable energy for electricity in Australia – wind power 90% renewable energy for electricity consequences 80% of Australia’s renewable energy › Biomass 3 Ventura's buses › Run on ethanol Next 10yrs ½ growth in renewable energy for electricity › Biomass Geothermal activity › Borders of tectonic plates © Andrew Newbound 2009 Green power › Renewable + environmentally friendly › Comes from environment in own country © Andrew Newbound 2009 Physical Change Changes properties › Not chemical nature Usually changed back E.g. Cutting paper Becomes new/different matter Colour change, bubbling, fizzing, light production, smoke, temperature change E.g. Fireworks – magnesium & copper Chemical Change › Burning paper New product/chemical Chemical reaction Not usually reversible © Andrew Newbound 2009 Atomic number › Amount of protons Atomic symbol › Decided names of 6 › 1 or 2 letters representing an element Atomic weight › Average mass of an element in atomic units (amu) © Andrew Newbound 2009 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry new elements Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory › Named Seaborgium Element 106 Seaborg’s Group › Produced Plutonium Neptunium – Pu – NP › Named Rutherfordium –RF Dubnium – Db Seaborgium – Sg Bohrium – Bh Hassium – HS 7 Periods (rows) 18 Groups (columns) 118 elements 1st 2 groups › Alkali metals Group to right › Non metals Families are together Elements 5770, 89102 at bottom › Need to fit into 2 gaps © Andrew Newbound 2009 Most elements – solid Bold staircase › Metal › Separates metals and non metals Radioactivity Decreases Increases › Non metal Metalloids › Properties of metals & non-metals Borders staircase › Boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimon, tellurium, polonium © Andrew Newbound 2009 Increases Decreases Greek Thinkers › Used words ‘element’ and ‘atom’ to describe differences and smallest parts of matter Lavoisier › Wrote 1st extensive › Made 1st true list of elements John Dalton Periodic Table › Believed that mass Doberiner of elements known in 1860’s › Noted that similar elements had similar atomic weights © Andrew Newbound 2009 Cannizaro › Determined weight was the most important property Dechancourtois Newlands › Arranged table with Cannizaro’s order Meyer & Mendeleyev (separately) › Compiled periodic table of 56 elements Mosely › Re-ordered periodic table by atomic number © Andrew Newbound 2009 Seaborg › Created the Transactinides Everything made of atoms › 2 or more elements chemically combined together › 100+ different kinds (elements) › In drop of water – millions and millions Element › Made of only 1 type of atom © Andrew Newbound 2009 Compound Mixture › 2 or more different substances not joined together chemically Changing quantities Independent variable › Changed by the scientist Dependent variable › What gets measured Controlled variable › Remains constant © Andrew Newbound 2009 Metals © Andrew Newbound 2009 Matter Hydrogen alone › Same radioactivity as sodium and lithium › Only 1 proton and 1 electron › Lightest and simplest of elements © Andrew Newbound 2009 © Andrew Newbound 2009 Solid › Keeps it’s shape › Particles tightly held together Liquid › Particles only partially attracted › Cannot hold its shape › Takes shape of container Gas › Particles not attracted › Free to move © Andrew Newbound 2009 More heat = more energy = particles move faster Moving energy – kinetic energy Change in state – change in energy Solid Liquid © Andrew Newbound 2009 Gas Frozen oil sinks in liquid oil Ice floats on water › Shrinks until 4°C then expands Anti-freeze › Lowers temperatures, raises boiling point © Andrew Newbound 2009 © Andrew Newbound 2009 206 bones Born with about 300 bones › Fuse together Bones › make blood cells › store minerals › Longest – femur © Andrew Newbound 2009 Joints › Fixed Skull › Hinged Like a door › Ball and socket Shoulder © Andrew Newbound 2009 Shape › No bones › Store minerals Formless Calcium Prosperous Protection › Vital organs Storage Movement › Attachment for muscles © Andrew Newbound 2009 Production › Red blood cells › Bone marrow End of long bones Appendicular Skeleton Axial Skeleton Head & Trunk Protect vital organs 86 Bones Shoulders, arms, pelvis, leg & foot Motion 200 bones © Andrew Newbound 2009 5 Types of Bones (4 we need to know) › Long Joint › Where 2 bones › › Short › › Flat › Irregular › › © Andrew Newbound 2009 meet Fixed (Immovable) Hinged (Slightly movable) Ball and socket (free to move) Gliding Freely movable joints Made of › Synovial fluid › Calcium › Ligaments › Phosphorus › Cartilage › Collagen › Sodium 2 main types of bones › Compact (hard) › Cancellous (spongy) © Andrew Newbound 2009 › Other minerals Break › Too much pressure Scoliosis › Person’s spine curves from side to side Strengthen bones › Up calcium › Perform weight baring exercises › Preventive gear © Andrew Newbound 2009 Fractures › Impact › Compound › Simple break › Green stake › Comminute Ball Joint Projections -To attach to muscles which move the bone Like honeycomb Makes bone strong without being too heavy Gives strength Cartilage -is smooth and tough, allows less friction Shaft -Supports weight of body Groves allow easy movement at the bone joint © Andrew Newbound 2009 Contains fat cells and stores fat Red marrow -Makes red and white blood cells Uses › Support our body › Protect vital organs › Different uses › A point of attachment for muscles › Produces white blood cells © Andrew Newbound 2009 Different bones Osteoporosis › Reduces bone tissue Strengthen › Weight baring exercises › Calcium Functions › Movement › 1 shortens/contracts › Force fluids through › Other body lengthens/relaxes Peristalsis Bicep contracts Triceps relaxes › Hold organs in place Posture Work in pairs Arranged in bundles › Fibres © Andrew Newbound 2009 Muscles to bones = tendons Bones to bones = ligaments Voluntary • Attached to skeleton • (Skeletal muscles) • Allow us to move • Decide when to use it Involuntary • Muscles without us knowing • Intestines © Andrew Newbound 2009 Cardiac • Muscles in heart • Involuntary • Contract throughout life © Andrew Newbound 2009 •Move in 2 directions •Like a door Gliding •Allows maximum movement Hinge Ball and Socket Immovable (Fixed) •Fixed and cannot move •Allow bones to glide over each other •Wrist and ankle Joint – 2 bones meet Ligament – Hold bones together Synovial fluid – stops bones colliding Arthritis – Swelling of joints Red blood cells – supplies oxygen White blood cells – fight infection Plasma – Protein © Andrew Newbound 2009 Supplies oxygen to body Provides rapid release for carbon dioxide Process 1. Into nasal cavity 2. Down trachea 3. Into bronchi 4. Into bronchioles 5. Alveolar ducts Respiration happens © Andrew Newbound 2009 © Andrew Newbound 2009 Blood › Carries waste, delivers oxygen, defence Veins – blood to heart Heart – pumps blood around body Arteries – blood away from heart Works with respiratory system to complete respiration © Andrew Newbound 2009 © Andrew Newbound 2009 Teeth & enzymes › Change food to soft › Water & remaining state Oesophagus › Moves food to stomach nutrients absorbed into blood substances being absorbed › Break down food Small intestine absorbed › Food in prepared and Liver › Blocks harmful Stomach chemically Large intestine Rectum › Waste storage Anus › Ejecting waste Job › Turns food into energy & removes waste © Andrew Newbound 2009 © Andrew Newbound 2009