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The Beginning of Medical
Language
Medical Word
Language of Origin
nucleus
pelvis
sinus
paranoia
Latin nucleus
Latin pelvis
Latin sinus
Greek paranoia
thorax
Greek thorax
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The Beginning of Medical
Language
Medical Word
Language of Origin
artery
muscle
patient
vein
phobia
Latin arteria
Latin musculus
Latin patiente
Latin vena
Greek phobos
sperm
Greek sperma
urine
Latin urina
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Medical Singular and Plural
Nouns
 Latin
Singular
Ending
How to Form the
Plural
Example
-a
Change -a to -ae
vertebra → vertebrae
-us
Change -us to -i
bronchus → bronchi
-um
Change -um to -a
bacterium → bacteria
-is
Change -is to -es
testis → testes
-ex
Change -ex to -ices
apex → apices
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Medical Singular and Plural
Nouns
 Greek
Singular
Ending
How to Form the
Plural
Example
-is
Change -is to -ides
iris → irides
-nx
Change -nx to -nges
phalanx → phalanges
-oma
Change -oma to
-omata
fibroma → fibromata
-on
Change -on to -a
ganglion → ganglia
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Medical Word Parts
There are three different kinds of word
parts.
Word Part
prefix
combining form
suffix
Meaning
an optional word
beginning
the foundation of the
word
the word ending
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Figure 1-4
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Combining form.
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Common Combining Forms
Combining Form
Medical Meaning
abdomin/o-
abdomen
append/o-
Appendix; small structure
arteri/ointestin/olaryng/omuscul/othyroid/otonsill/oven/o-
hanging from a larger structure
artery
intestine
larynx; voice box
muscle
thyroid gland
tonsil
vein
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Common Combining Forms
Combining Form
Medical Meaning
arthr/ocardi/oderm/ogastr/omamm/onas/opsych/o-
joint
heart
skin
stomach
breast
nose
mind
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Common Combining Forms
Combining Form
Medical Meaning
cholecyst/ocost/oenter/ohepat/ohyster/olapar/o-
gallbladder
rib
intestine
liver
uterus; womb
abdomen
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Figure 1-5
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Suffix
.
Suffixes for Adjectives
Suffix
Medical Meaning
Example and
Definition
-ac
pertaining to
cardiac (pertaining to the
heart)
-al
pertaining to
intestinal (pertaining to the
intestine)
-ar
pertaining to
muscular (pertaining to the
muscle)
-ary
pertaining to
urinary (pertaining to the
urine)
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Suffixes for Adjectives
Suffix
Medical Meaning
-ic
pertaining to
-ine
pertaining to
-ive
pertaining to
-ous
pertaining to
Example and
Definition
pelvic (pertaining to the
pelvis)
uterine (pertaining to the
uterus)
digestive (pertaining to
break[ing] down food)
venous (pertaining to a
vein)
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Suffixes for Processes
Suffix
Medical
Meaning
Example and Definition
-ation
being; having;
process
urination (process [of making] urine)
-ion
action; condition
digestion (action of break[ing] down
food)
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Suffixes for Diseases
Suffi
x
-ia
-ism
-itis
Medical
Meaning
condition; state;
thing
disease from a
specific cause;
process
infection of;
inflammation of
-megaly
enlargement
-oma
mass; tumor
-osis
condition; process
-pathy
disease
Example and Definition
pneumonia (condition of the lung)
hypothyroidism (disease from a
specific cause of deficient thyroid
gland [hormone])
tonsillitis (infection of the tonsil)
cardiomegaly (enlargement of the
heart)
neuroma (tumor on a nerve)
psychosis (abnormal condition of
the mind)
arthropathy (disease of a joint)
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Suffixes for Diagnostic,
Medical, and Surgical Procedures
Suffix
Medical Meaning
-ectomy
surgical removal
-gram
picture; record
-graphy
process of recording
-metry
process of measuring
-scope
instrument used to
examine
Example and
Definition
appendectomy (surgical
removal of the appendix)
mammogram (picture of the
breast)
mammography (process of
recording the breast)
spirometry (process of
measuring the breathing)
colonoscope (instrument used
to examine the colon)
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Suffixes for Diagnostic,
Medical, and Surgical Procedures
Suffix
-scopy
-stomy
Medical Meaning
Example and
Definition
process of using an
instrument to
examine
surgically created
opening
gastroscopy (process of using
an instrument to examine the
stomach)
colostomy (surgically created
opening in the colon)
psychotherapy (treatment of
the mind)
laparotomy (process of
making an incision in the
abdomen)
-therapy
treatment
-tomy
process of cutting;
process making an
incision
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Suffixes for Medical
Specialties and Specialists
Suffix
Medical Meaning
Example and
Definition
-iatry
medical treatment
-ics
knowledge; practice
-ist
person who
specializes in; thing
that specializes in
therapist (person who
specializes in treatment)
-logy
study of
cardiology (study of the
heart)
psychiatry (medical
treatment for the mind)
dietetics (knowledge and
practice of diet and foods)
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Figure 1-6
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Prefix.
Prefixes for Location or
Direction
Prefix
Medical Meaning
endo-
innermost; within
epi-
above; upon
inter-
between
intra-
within
Example and
Definition
endotracheal (pertaining to
within the trachea)
epidermal (pertaining to
upon the skin)
intercostal (pertaining to
between the ribs)
intravenous (pertaining to
within a vein)
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Prefixes for Location or
Direction
Prefix
Medical Meaning
peri-
around
post-
after; behind
pre-
before; in front of
sub-
below; underneath
trans-
across; through
Example and
Definition
pericardial (pertaining to
around the heart)
postnasal (pertaining to
behind the nose)
premenstrual (pertaining to
before the monthly
discharge of blood)
subcutaneous (pertaining
to underneath the skin)
transvaginal (pertaining to
through the vagina)
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Prefixes for Amount,
Number, or Speed
Prefix
Medical Meaning
bi-
two
brady-
slow
hemi-
one half
hyper-
above; more than
normal
hypertension (condition of
more than normal pressure)
below; deficient
hypothyroidism (disease
from a specific cause of
deficient thyroid gland
[hormone])
hypo-
Example and
Definition
bilateral (pertaining to two
sides)
bradycardia (condition of a
slow heart)
hemiplegia (condition of one
half [of the body with]
paralysis)
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Prefixes for Amount,
Number, or Speed
Prefix
Medical Meaning
poly-
many; much
quadri-
four
tachy-
fast
tri-
three
Example and
Definition
polyneuritis (inflammation
of many nerves)
quadriplegia (condition of
four [limbs with] paralysis)
tachycardia (condition of a
fast heart)
trigeminal (pertaining to
three [nerve branches in a]
group)
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Prefixes for Degree or
Quality
Prefix
Medical Meaning
a-
away from; without
an-
not; without
anti-
against
de-
reversal of; without
Example and
Definition
aspermia (condition [of
being] without sperm)
anesthesia (condition [of
being] without sensation)
antibiotic (pertaining to (a
drug that is) against
living organisms [such as
bacteria])
dementia (condition [of
being] without a mind)
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Prefixes for Degree or
Quality
Prefix
Medical Meaning
Example and
Definition
dys-
abnormal; painful;
difficult
eu-
good; normal
mal-
bad; inadequate
malnutrition condition of
inadequate nourishment)
re-
again and again;
backward;
unable to
respiration (process of
again and again breathing)
dysphagia (condition of
painful or difficult eating
and swallowing)
euthyroidism (process of
normal thyroid gland
[function])
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Analyze and Define Words: Combining
Form and Suffix
cardiology
combining
form
suffix
cardiology: the study of (the) heart (and related structures)
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Build Medical Words:
Suffix that Begins with a Consonant
the study of the heart
suffix
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combining
form
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Building Medical Words:
Contains a Prefix
pertaining to within the heart
suffix
prefix
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combining
form
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Pronounce Medical Words
appendectomy
arthritis
gastric
laryngitis
mammography
pneumonia
therapist
(AP-en-DEK-toh-mee)
(ar-THRY-tis)
(GAS-trik)
(LAIR-in-JY-tis)
(mam-AW-grah-fee)
(noo-MOHN-yah)
(THAIR-ah-pist)
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