Download Brain days-Part II

Kaan Yücel M.D.,Ph.D.
Learning Objectives
Explain the components of the telencephalon
Explain the boundaries, gyri, sulci in each lobe
Explain the major Brodmann areas in each lobe
Explain the ventricular system
Explain the features of white matter tracts
1. Telencephalon is composed of…
Cerebral hemispheres
Sulci, fissures, gyri, lobes
partially separated by a deep longitudinal fissure, and which fill the area
of the skull above the tentorium cerebelli and are subdivided into lobes
based on their position.
Basal ganglia
Insula
Ventricular system
Two lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
White matter tracts
Commissural, association, and projection fibres
2. Sulci & Gyri & Lobes
Precentral
gyrus
3. Temporal lobe & sulci & gyri
4. Occipital lobe & sulci & gyri
5. Occipital lobe & sulci & gyri
6. Insula
Island of Reil
7. Medial and inferior aspects of the hemispheres
7. Medial and inferior aspects of the hemispheres
8. Brodmann areas
Cytoarchitecture
47 functional areas
8. Brodmann areas
4
8
3
6
9
5
7
1
10
46
39
46
19
10
45
44
43
47
21
41,
42
22
18
17
11
38
37
somesthetic
association area
8. Brodmann areas
8. Brodmann areas
9. Lateral ventricles
10. Third ventricle
11. Fourth ventricle
1. Frontal Lobe.
2. Parietal Lobe.
3. Occipital Lobe.
4. Septum Pellucidum.
a. Rostrum of Corpus Callosum.
b. Body of Corpus Callosum.
c. Splenium of Corpus Callosum.
10. Pons.
11.Medulla Oblongata.
12. Cerebellum.
13. Spinal Cord.
14. Fourth ventricle.
15. Sinus Confluence.
Cisternae
Correction: Lenticular nucleus or lentiform nucleus
12. Basal ganglia
Distributed set of brain structures in the telencephalon, diencephalon,
and mesencephalon.
The forebrain structures include :
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Nucleus accumbens (or ventral striatum)
Globus pallidus
Corpus striatum
12. Basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus
C-shaped structure closely associated with the lateral wall of the lateral
ventricle.
largest at its anterior pole (the head), and its size diminishes posteriorly
as it follows the course of the lateral ventricle (the body) all the way to
the temporal lobe (the tail), where it terminates at the amygdaloid
nuclei.
12. Basal ganglia
Putamen- Caudate separated by anterior limb of the internal capsule
Connected by bridges of cells across the internal capsule
A striated look  striatum or neostriatum
Caudate+ Putamen=Striatum= Main recepient of afferent input.
Globus pallidus= Major efferent output leaves from.
12. Basal ganglia
Third ventricle
MRI of the brain, T1-weighted axial cut.
1, Putamen. 2, Pallidum. 3, Caudate nucleus.
4, Insula. 5, Lateral ventricle. 6, Thalamus.
Traditionally, the basal ganglia have been viewed as motor
structures.
It is only in the past 20 years that it has been recognized that these
structures also may have a role in cognition and emotion.
Alexander and his colleagues that the motor circuit is involved in
‘‘the control of movement direction and in the scaling of movement
amplitude or velocity’’ and ‘‘in the programming and initiation of
internally generated movements.’’
o GABA, dopamine, acetylcholine, and glutamine
o Multiple pathways in the basal ganglia both with both
excitatory and inhibitory functions.
o Input to the basal ganglia is received from both the cerebral
cortex and the thalamus.
o Lesions in the basal ganglia result in uncoordinated and
disorganized movement.
1. motor - between additional motor area of the cerebral cortex and
the lateral part of dorsal striatum – putamen
automatic motor activity
control of muscular tension
initiating and fluent performing of motor actions executed by skeletal
muscles especially during will dependent movements
2. oculomotor - between the frontal visual eye field of the cerebral
cortex and the corpus of the caudate (nucleus caudatus) belonging to
the medial part of dorsal striatum
3. prefrontal (associative) - between dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and
the dorso-lateral part of the head of caudate (nucleus caudatus) (the
frontal part of the medial part of dorsal striatum)
choice of aims, planning, programming of the sequence of mental
actions and behaviours, switching between sentences (the ability to
change attitude flexibly), verbal and spatial working memory,
selfcontrol and metacognition (self-consciousness)
4. latero-orbito-frontal - between lateral orbito-frontal cerebral cortex
and the ventromedial part of the head of caudate (medial part of the
dorsal striatum
initiating social behaviours motivated by an award and in inhibiting
behaviours, which can trigger punishment
Dysfxn=> disinhibition
5. limbic (circuit of the anterior part of the cingular gyrus) - between
the anterior part of the anterior cingulate gyrus and the ventral striatum
(of which the main part is the nucleus accumbens).
behavior control and adaptation of behaviours after making a mistake.
responsible for correcting behavior following a mistake
12. Basal ganglia
12. Basal ganglia
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AJ. Beyond age and gender: relationships between cortical and
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12. Basal ganglia
MRI of the brain, T1-weighted coronal cut.
1, Lateral ventricle. 2, Caudate nucleus. 3, Putamen.
4, Temporal lobe (left side). 5, Sylvian fissure (lateral
sulcus).
13. Commissural fibers
Freitag CM, Luders E, Hulst HE, Narr KL,
Thompson PM, Toga AW, Krick C, Konrad C.
Total brain volume and corpus callosum size in
medication-naïve adolescents and young adults
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1. Genu of corpus
callosum
2. Forceps minor
3. Anterior limb of
internal capsule
4. Septum
pellucidum
5. Caudate nucleus
6. Putamen
7. Globus pallidus
8. Posterior limb of
internal capsule
9. Thalamus
10. Splenium of
corpus callosum
11. Forceps major
13. Commissural fibers
14. Association fibers
15. Projection
fibers
1st neuron
2nd neuron
3rd neuron
Internal capsule
Anterior limb [3]
Posterior limb [8]
Genu