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Transcript
WHAT IS OROGENY?
Processes of mtn building
Distinctive patterns of deposition
eugeocline, miogeocline
Deformation
Folding and thrust-faulting
Metamorphism
Intrusions: batholiths, etc
Volcanic Activity
TYPES OF MOUNTAINS
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Volcanic: Shield and composite
Fault-block: normal faulting and tension
Folded: reverse faults and compression
Complex: mixture of most of the above
Mauna Loa in
Background
Kilaeua is
Behind Mauna
Loa
Mauna Kea
Shield volcano
Hot Spot
Basalt
Kilaeua
Newest ground in
The world
Asthenosphere coming
To the surface
Composite Volcano
Mt Rainier
Compressive forces
Subduction zones
Andesitic composition
Guagua Pichincha, Ecuador
Quito in foreground
Composite volcanoes explosive
Normal fault
Footwall moves
Up relative to
Hanging wall
FOOTWALL
HANGING WALL
Tension forces
Tilted fault-block range: Sierra Nevada from east,
Steep side of block fault; Ansel Adams photo
Tilted Fault-block
Sierra Nevada from west
Side, low angle
Yosemite valley the result
Of glaciation on low-angle
relief
Wasatch Range
From Salt Lake City
Typically faultBlock system
Grand Tetons: Another fault-block system
Alternating normal faults lead to a characteristic pattern called a
Horst and Graben system. An area under tension will often have
Multiple mountain ranges as a result.
Basin and range province: tilted fault-block mountains in Nevada.
The results of a horst and graben system. Nevada is under tension
Because of rising magma which is unzipping the system, all the way
From Baja California
Sierra Nevada and Wasatch Ranges part of this system
REVERSE FAULTS: Hanging wall moves up relative to footwall
Result of compression: plates colliding
Two types: low-angle or thrust faults, and high-angle reverse faults
Individual layers can move 100’s of kilometers
Alps are a great example
Thrust faults main cause
Of folded mountains
Appalachian Mountains of the US
Atlas Mountains, Northern Africa
Classic folded terrain: well-developed anticline
ZAGROS MTS
PERSIAN GULF
Alternating
Anticlines and
Synclines
High-angle reverse faults
Forms “Sawtooth Mtns”
Flatirons classic example
Sawtooth effect result of
Differential erosion
SAWTOOTH RANGE,
IDAHO
Alice Lake
White Cloud peak
COMPLEX MOUNTAINS
Tend to have a little of
Everything: volcanoes,
Folds, thrust faults, normal
faults
ALPS
HIMALAYAS