* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Slide 1 ______
Survey
Document related concepts
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy wikipedia , lookup
Bond valence method wikipedia , lookup
Chemistry: A Volatile History wikipedia , lookup
History of chemistry wikipedia , lookup
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005 wikipedia , lookup
Chemical thermodynamics wikipedia , lookup
Electronegativity wikipedia , lookup
Rutherford backscattering spectrometry wikipedia , lookup
Molecular orbital diagram wikipedia , lookup
Metallic bonding wikipedia , lookup
Atomic nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Resonance (chemistry) wikipedia , lookup
Electron configuration wikipedia , lookup
Hypervalent molecule wikipedia , lookup
History of molecular theory wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Slide 1 Basic Chemistry General concepts Matter and energy Chemical bonds Chemical Reactions ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 2 ___________________________________ Matter ___________________________________ Matter—anything that occupies space and has mass (weight) It can exist in different states. Solid ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Liquid Gas ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 3 Matter and Energy Energy—the ability to do work Categories of energy Kinetic (energy in movement) Potential. (stored energy) Forms of energy Chemical : stored in bonds of sustances. Eg. gasoline ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Electrical : movement of charged particlse Mechanical : directly involved in moving matter Radiant: electromagnetic waves (heat, light, radio) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 4 Energy continued Energy can change form. Chemical potential energy in gasoline becomes mechanical energy driving the pistons and radiant energy in heat, Chemical energy in foods are converted to usable mechanical energy in our bodies or stored as other forms of potential energy. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 5 ___________________________________ Composition of Matter Elements—fundamental units of matter ___________________________________ Atoms—building blocks of elements All atoms of the same element have the same number of protons and the same chemical properties. ___________________________________ 96% of the body is made from four elements Carbon (C) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 6 ___________________________________ Atomic Structure Nucleus ___________________________________ Protons (p+) Neutrons (n0) ___________________________________ Outside of nucleus Electrons (e-) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 2.1 ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 7 ___________________________________ Atomic Structure of Smallest Atoms ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 2.2 ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 8 Identifying Elements Atomic number—equal to the number of protons that the atom contains Atomic mass number—sum of the protons and neutrons Atomic weight- the average mass of all isotopes. Close to the most common isotope. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 9 ___________________________________ Isotopes Isotopes ___________________________________ Have the same number of protons Vary in number of neutrons ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 2.3 ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 10 ___________________________________ Isotopes and Atomic Weight Atomic weight. (this is not atomic mass) ___________________________________ Close to mass number of most abundant isotope ___________________________________ Atomic weight reflects natural isotope variation ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 11 ___________________________________ Radioactivity Radioactivity—process of spontaneous atomic decay ___________________________________ Radioisotope ___________________________________ Heavy isotope (larger number of neutrons) Tends to be unstable ___________________________________ Decomposes to more stable isotope Releases radiation as it decomposes ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 12 ___________________________________ Molecules and Compounds Molecule—two or more atoms combined chemically ___________________________________ Compound— When a molecule containing two or more different atoms forms Have characteristics different than the original atoms. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 2.4 ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 13 Chemical Reactions Atoms are united by chemical bonds Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken New compounds may form when differing atoms unite/bond ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 14 Electrons and Bonding Electrons occupy energy levels called electron shells Electrons closest to the nucleus are most strongly attracted ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Each shell has distinct properties The number of electrons has an upper limit Shells closest to the nucleus fill first ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 15 Electrons and Bonding Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell (valence shell) Full valence shells do not form bonds ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 16 Inert Elements Atoms are stable (inert) when the outermost shell is complete How to fill the atom’s shells Shell 1 can hold a maximum of 2 electrons Shell 2 can hold a maximum of 8 electrons Shell 3 can hold a maximum of 18 electrons Shell one is stable with two electrons ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Shell two and three are stable with 8 ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 17 ___________________________________ Inert Elements Atoms will gain, lose, or share electrons to complete their outermost orbitals and reach a stable state ___________________________________ Rule of eights ___________________________________ Atoms are considered stable when their outermost orbital has 8 electrons The exception to this rule of eights is Shell 1, which can only hold 2 electrons ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 18 ___________________________________ Inert Elements ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 2.5a ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 19 ___________________________________ Reactive Elements Valence shells are not full and are unstable ___________________________________ Tend to gain, lose, or share electrons Allow for bond formation, which produces stable valence ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Figure 2.5b ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 20 Chemical Bonds Ionic bonds Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another Ions Charged particles Anions are negative ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Cations are positive Either donate or accept electrons ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 21 ___________________________________ Ionic Bonds ___________________________________ + – Na Cl ___________________________________ Na Cl Sodium atom (Na) (11p+; 12n0; 11e–) Chlorine atom (Cl) (17p+; 18n0; 17e–) ___________________________________ Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl–) Sodium chloride (NaCl) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 22 ___________________________________ Ionic bonds ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 23 Chemical Bonds Covalent bonds Atoms become stable through shared electrons Single covalent bonds share one pair of electrons Double covalent bonds share two pairs of electrons ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 24 Examples of Covalent Bonds ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 25 Examples of Covalent Bonds ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 26 Examples of Covalent Bonds ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 27 ___________________________________ Covalent bonds ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 28 ___________________________________ Polarity Covalently bonded molecules Some are non-polar Electrically neutral as a molecule Some are polar Have a positive and negative side ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 29 Chemical Bonds ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Hydrogen bonds Weak chemical bonds Hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of polar molecule Provides attraction between molecules ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 30 Hydrogen Bonds ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Give water it’s surface tension. ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 31 Patterns of Chemical Reactions Synthesis reaction (A + BAB) Atoms or molecules combine Energy is absorbed for bond formation Decomposition reaction (ABA + B) Molecule is broken down Chemical energy is released ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 32 Patterns of Chemical Reactions Exchange reaction (AB + CAC + B) Involves both synthesis and decomposition reactions Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 33 Factors that influence the rate of reactions. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Temperature Concentration Particle size Catalysts ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________ Slide 34 ___________________________________ Did you get it? What is matter? What are the parts of an atom and their charges? What is the rule of eights? What is an ionic bond? What substances have ionic bonds? What is a covalent bond? What is a polar covalent bond? What substance has polar covalent bonds? What are hydrogen bonds? What substance has these bonds? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings ___________________________________