Download Axial Skeletal System

Skeletal System
Axial Skeleton
Chapter 7
Divisions of the Skeletal System
• The adult human skeleton consists of 206 named
bones.
• Infants have more bones because not all bones have
fused.
• Axial skeleton – 80 bones
– Longitudinal axis (center of the body)
– Bones arranged along the axis: skull bones, auditory
ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, breastbone, and backbone
• Appendicular skeleton – 126 bones
– Upper and lower limbs (extremities), girdles (connect limbs
to axial skeleton)
Axial Skeleton
• Skull
– Cranium 8
– Face
14
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Hyoid
1
Auditory Ossicles 6
Vertebral Column 26
Thorax
– Sternum
– Ribs
• Total
1
24
80
Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral (Shoulder) girdles
– Clavicle
– Scapula
2
2
• Upper limbs (extremities)
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–
–
–
–
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Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
2
2
2
16
10
28
Appendicular Skeleton
• Pelvic (hip) girdle
– Hip, pelvic, or coxal bones 2
• Lower limbs (extremities)
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–
–
–
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Femur
Fibula
Tibia
Patella
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
• Total
2
2
2
2
14
10
28
126
Types of Bones
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Long Bones
Short Bones
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Sesamoid Bones
Sutural
Types of Bones Based on Shape
Bone Surface Markings
• Depressions and Openings
– Sites allowing the passage of soft tissue (nerves,
blood vessels, ligaments, tendons) or formation of
joints.
• Processes
– Projections or outgrowths on bone that form
joints or attachment points for connective tissue,
such as ligaments and tendons).
Depressions and Openings
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Fissure – narrow slit
Foramen – opening (hole)
Fossa – shallow depression (trench)
Sulcus – furrow (groove)
Meatus – tubelike opening (passageway)
Processes
• Processes that form joints
– Condyle – Large, round protuberance at the end
of a bone (knuckle)
– Facet – smooth, flat articular surface
– Head – rounded articular projection supported on
the neck of a bone
Processes
• Processes that form attachment points
– Crest – prominent ridge or elongated projection
– Epicondyle – projection above a condyle
– Line – long narrow ridge or border
– Spinous process – sharp, slender projection
– Trochanter – very large projection
– Tubercle – small, rounded projection
– Tuberosity – large, rounded projection
Mastoiditis
• Inflammation of the mastoid air cells
subsequent to a middle ear infection.
• The infection may spread to the brain.
Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip
• Failure of the palatine processes of the
maxillary bone to unite during embryogenesis.
• Cleft lip is a split in the upper lip.
• Speech and swallowing may be affected.
• Children with this may be prone to many
middle ear infections.
Temporomandibular Joint
Syndrome
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•
•
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TMJ
Dull pain around the ear
Tenderness of the jaw
A clicking or popping noise when opening or closing
the mouth
• Limited or abnormal opening of the mouth
• Headache
• Tooth sensitivity
TMJ Treatment
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Applying moist heat or ice
Chiropractic
Eating a soft diet
Pain relievers
Muscle retraining
Adjusting or reshaping the teeth
Orthodontic treatment
Surgery
Principle Foramina of the Skull
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Carotid
Hypoglossal
Infraorbital
Jugular
Lacerum
Magnum
Mandibular
Principle Foramina of the Skull
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Mastoid
Mental
Olfactory
Optic
Ovale
Rotundum
Stylomastoid
Supraorbital
Fontanels
• Membrane-filles spaces between the cranial
bones
• “soft spots”
• Allow the skull to change shape as it passes
through the birth canal
Fontanels
• Anterior fontanel
– Between the parietal bones and the frontal bone
• Posterior fontanel
– Between the parietal bones and the occipital bone
• Anterolateral fontanels
– Between the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid
bones
• Posterolateral fontanels
– Between the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones
Medical Terminology
• Kyphosis – exaggeration of the thoracic curve
• Lordosis – an exaggeration of the lumbar curve or
cervical curve
• Lumbar spine stenosis – narrowing of the spinal
canal
• Scoliosis – lateral bending of the vertebral column