Download Spectacles and Lapsi

•
Didjaredit?
1.
Tertullian believed reason was a necessary part of faith, otherwise we
would wrongly believe in the absurd. True or false?
What did Tertullian mean when he quipped, “What has Athens to do with
Jerusalem?”
Tertullian compared the blood of martyrs to a _________ which caused
the Church to grow.
Tertullian was gentle and soft-spoken. True or false?
Tertullian first used the word ___________ in referring to God in Christian
Theology.
Tertullian became a heretic. What was the name of the heresy he
embraced?
Tertullian’s famous “Apology” quoted, “See how the ___________ love
one another?!”
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Quintus Septimius
Florens Tertullianus
• Tertullian c. 160 – c. 225 AD. Thought to be the son of a
Roman centurion, a trained lawyer. Some thought he
was a priest, but really was probably a married layman.
• He was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in
the Roman province of Africa. \He is the first Christian
author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin Christian
literature. He also was a notable early Christian apologist
and a polemicist against heresy. Tertullian has been
called "the father of Latin Christianity”
• However, unlike many Church fathers, he was never
canonized by the Catholic Church, as several of his later
teachings directly contradicted the actions and teachings
of the apostles.
His Teachings
• Though conservative, he did originate and advance
new theology to the early Church. He is perhaps most
famous for being the oldest extant Latin writer to use
the term Trinity (Latin, trinitas)
• Tertullian did not think Christine doctrine should be in
anyway related or explained through pagan
philosophy.
• He said the Trinity is to be believed in because it “is
absurd.”
• “WHAT INDEED DOES ATHENS HAVE TO DO WITH
JERUSALEM?” – human wisdom = corrupt.
• Seemed to taunt persecutors to persecute more –
believed the “Blood of Christians is seed” to the
Church.
• In middle life (about 207), he was attracted to
the "New Prophecy" of Montanism, and seems
to have split from the mainstream church.
• His disgust with sinful Christians led him to
demand a “purer” Church. This led him under
influence of Monantists where he finally founded
his own sect.
• In the time of Augustine, a group of
"Tertullianists" still had a basilica in Carthage
which, within that same period, passed to the
orthodox Church. It is unclear whether the name
was merely another for the Montanists or that
this means Tertullian later split with the
Montanists and founded his own group.
• In spite of his schism from the Church, he
continued to write against heresy,
especially Gnosticism.
• Thus, by the doctrinal works he published,
Tertullian became the teacher of Cyprian and
the predecessor of Augustine, who, in turn,
became the chief founder of Latin theology.
• Tertullian's writings cover the whole theological
field of the time—; they gave a picture of the
religious life and thought of the time which is of
the greatest interest to the church historian.
• Jerome says that Tertullian lived to a great age,
but there is no reliable source attesting to his
survival beyond the estimated year 225 AD.
Montanism
• Montanus lived in the Phrygian area of Asia Minor at the
back end of the 2nd Century AD.
• He declared that the Holy Spirit was giving new
revelations to the church, and named himself and two
women, Priscilla and Maximilla, as prophets, although
there were others.
• This was referred to as the New Prophecy.
• They believed their visions and ecstasies superseded
the teaching of the Church.
• The emphases of the New Prophecy seem to have been
on resisting persecution, fasting, and avoiding
remarriage, together with hostility to any compromise
with sin. No forgiveness was allowed.
Tertullian Hated the “Spectacles”
• He exhorted Christians to renounce all Roman
spectacles – ‘the madness of the circus, the
immodesty of the theater, the atrocities of the
arena, the useless exercises of the wrestling
ground…”
• About 230 Roman amphitheatres have been
found across the area of the Roman Empire.
• Their typical shape, functions and name
distinguish them from Roman theatres, which are
usually semicircular in shape; from the circuses
whose much longer circuits were designed mainly
for horse or chariot racing events; and from the
smaller stadia, which were primarily designed for
athletics and footraces.
CIRCUS MAXIMUS
ROMAN THEATER ORANGE – STILL USED
TODAY! LOCATED IN VALLEY OF RHONE
Sports
• Wrestling and boxing were popular sports
that were usually practiced in
thepalaestra (a central field) of Roman
baths. Both helped to improve overall
fitness and build strength and stamina,
and they were generally enjoyed by many
Romans. Because there were no boxing
gloves, athletes tightly wrapped their
hands in layers of cloth.
Ancient Roman Baths
of Caracalla still exists
today as a museum.
They had hot/cold
baths and steam
rooms.
Roman Theater
• The theatre of ancient Romewas a diverse and
interesting art form, ranging from festival
performances of street theater and acrobatics to
comedies and tragedies.
• Although Rome had a native tradition of
performance, the Hellenization of Roman
culture in the 3rd century BC had a profound
and energizing effect on Roman theatre and
encouraged the development of Latin
literature of the highest quality for the stage.
• The Theaters held thousands of spectators –
some up to 60,000!
Roman Theatre, Merida, Spain
Roman Theatre of Volterra
Arena di Verona
ROMAN THEATER RELIEF…
•
•
•
•
Roman actors had bad reputations and their morals
challenged even the decadence of Roman society. Their
performances could be lewd, highly sexual and
offensive, and they sometimes even appeared naked on
stage and engaged in sexual acts.
They could also be highly critical of the political status
quo. As expected, some emperors were as critical of
them and took certain measures in an attempt to
counteract their influence: Emperor Julian the Apostate
forbade the pagan Roman priests from attending
theatrical performances to avoid giving the
performances respectability, and the more enlightened
Emperor Tiberius would not allow people of the stage to
have any contact with the upper classes.
The theater was considered the shrine of Venus (a
Roman god).
By the fifth century (the 400s) actors were
excommunicated by the Church. This ruling held in parts
of Europe until the 18th century!
• Most Roman plays were whimsical, more mimes
and pantomimes than drama; the "classics" were
in the minority.
• In the early Roman Republic (before the
emperors emerged after Julius Caesar), women
did not enter the profession; it was considered
inappropriate for them. Therefore young boys or
men often played the parts of women in the
dramas.
• Because the actors were not respected citizens,
it could be a dangerous occupation. When the
Romans saw a play they did not like, they
shouted at the actors and told them to get off the
stage. If they did not get off the stage, the
audience might begin to throw things at them.
Roman
theater
pantomime
• Each actor played several roles. They wore simple
costumes that could be changed quickly and in public.
The actors held up happy face masks and sad faced
masks, to help the audience understand what was
going on in the play. Over time, masks became very
elaborate.
• During the play, the Roman people would talk to each
other. Because it was noisy, sometimes people would
raise their voices so they could be heard. That made it
even more noisy. So that everyone could follow along
with the story told by the actors, no matter how noisy
the crowd became, the actors would sometimes use a
technique called pantomime. Pantomime is a play
without words. The actors used dance, music, hand
gestures, facial expressions, elaborate sets, and
costumes to present the play.
• Orchesta & music were part of performance :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COpe-Nq6QaY
• We have 33 Greek plays, 36 Roman plays and
more than 400 Greco-Roman Theatres in
Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and
Central Asia -- anywhere the Roman Empire
established a protectorate.
• Plays were only performed during religious
ceremonies and religious festivals. However,
since the ancient Romans celebrated over 200
holidays a year, there were many opportunities
for plays to be staged. Someone had to pay for
the play, as actors received a small fee. Usually
a wealthy noble would pay the bill, in honor of
the gods, and give the play to the people as a
gift.
ROME
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=juWYh
MoDTN0
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQMgL
xVxsrw
• HOMEWORK: HIPPOLYTUS OF ROME!
READ FOR TOMORROW.