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Rocks
Unit: Rocks
Topic: Igneous Rocks
Objectives: Day 1 of 4
 I will know how to define a rock
 I will know the 3 basic types of rocks
 I will know how the rock change from one type to
another using the rock cycle
 I will know how to identify Igneous Rocks based on
their physical characteristics

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=fvwp
&v=FnoHDRPJjkw&NR=1
Quickwrite
Answer one the questions below in 1-2
sentences:
 How do you think magma (hot liquid rock
becomes solid hard rock??????
 Can rocks change into other types of rocks??
 What do you think rocks are made of????
Here is
Granite
Granite is a
Mixture of
Different
minerals
It made up of
the minerals
Quartz,
Hornblende,
& Feldspar
What is a Rock?
mixture
A rock is a _______of
one or more
minerals
Answer Bank
Change
Sedimentary
Mixture
cooling
Rock Classification


All rocks fit into 3 categories
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic
Rock Cycle



We just learned about the 3
types of rocks, igneous,
sedimentary and
metamorphic
As it turns out, Igneous rock
can change into sedimentary
rock or into metamorphic rock.
Sedimentary rock can change
into metamorphic rock or into
igneous rock. Metamorphic
rock can change into igneous
or sedimentary rock.
Rock Cycle
Magma
Cooling and
Hardening of Magma
Melting
Igneous
Rock
Heat and
Pressure
Weathering
And Erosion
Sediments
Metamorphic
Rock
Sedimentary
Compaction
Rock
And Cementation
Heat and
Pressure
What is the Rock Cycle?

The process by which over
many years rocks change
______
back and forth between
igneous rocks, sedimentary
rocks, and metamorphic
rocks
Answer Bank
Change
Sedimentary
Mixture
cooling
Igneous Rocks



Igneous rocks, are rocks that
were once lava or magma
and simply cooled into solid
rock!
So, when volcanoes erupt,
new igneous rocks are
formed!
Or, when magma cools slowly
underground, new rock is
also formed!
Igneous Rock Formation
Some Igneous rocks
Make it all the way
to the surface
Most Igneous rocks
Form below the
Surface
What are Igneous Rocks?

Rocks formed from the
cooling and hardening of
______
magma (hot molten liquid
rock)
Answer Bank
Change
Sedimentary
Mixture
cooling
Igneous Rock Classification




Igneous rocks are classified by their color and
crystal size
Igneous Rocks that form below ground are
called intrusive (inside or interior) igneous
Rocks
Igneous rocks that form above the ground are
called extrusive igneous rocks
Finally, dark colored igneous rocks are called
Mafic and lighter colored igneous rocks are
called felsic
Extrusive
Igneous Rock:
Outside the earth
Fast Cooling
Small Crystals
Ex: Basalt
Intrusive
Igneous Rock:
Inside the earth
Slow Cooling
Large Crystals
Ex: Granite
Answer
Bank
large
above
Mixture
Slowly
quickly
What’s the difference between
Intrusive & Extrusive Igneous Rocks?

Intrusive Rocks cooled
slowly beneath or below
the earth’s surface
large
resulting in _____
crystals Ex: Granite &
Gabbro

Granite Gabbro
Extrusive Igneous
Rocks cooled quickly
______
above the earth’s surface
resulting in small crystals
Ex: Rhyolite & Basalt
Rhyolite Basalt
Felsic & Mafic Igneous rocks

Felsic Igneous
rocks are light in
color & high in silica
Ex. Granite & Rhyolite

Mafic Igneous
rocks are dark in
color & low in silica
Granite Rhyolite
Ex: Gabbro and Basalt
Basalt Gabbro
What’s the difference between
Felsic & Mafic Igneous rocks?
Answer
Bank
dark
above  Felsic Igneous
Mixture rocks are light in
Slowly color & high in silica
light
Ex. Granite & Rhyolite

Mafic Igneous
rocks are ____
dark in
color & low in silica
Granite Rhyolite
Ex: Gabbro and Basalt
Basalt Gabbro
Summary




Igneous rocks formed from the _____ and ______of
magma
_____Igneous are dark and _____ igneous rocks are
lighter in color
_____ igneous rocks cooled slowly and have large
crystals
_____ igneous cooled quickly forming small crystals
Draw Table:
Intrusive
(fast cooling, small crystals)
Mafic
intrusive
cooling
extrusive
hardening
felsic
Felsic-
Mafic-
Light in color, high in silica
Dark in color, low in silica
Granite
Gabbro
Rhyolite
Basalt
(slow cooling, large crystals)
Extrusive
Answer
Bank
Unit: Rocks
Topic: Clastic Sedimentary Rock





Objectives: Day 2 of 4
I will learn about weathering, erosion and
deposition and how it affects rocks
I will learn about clastic sedimentary rocks
and the conditions under which they formed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NygkD8uA
Tng
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydZ4SWiq
Gik
Quickwrite
Answer one the questions below in 1-2
sentences:
 What are some types of sediment
you’re familiar with???
 How do you think sediment forms??
 How do you think sediment moves?
Weathering Erosion
Deposition & Stratification

In order for us to learn about
sedimentary rocks, we need to first
learn about weathering, erosion
deposition and stratification

Weathering is the breaking
down of rock into smaller
pieces by the action of water
and wind
Erosion is the removal and
transport of rocks by water and
wind
Deposition is the dropping and
accumulation of rock into layers
Stratification is the layering of
sediment



Erosion:
Erosion is the removal and transport
of rocks by water, wind and gravity
Deposition:
The dropping and accumulation
Of sediment over time
Stratification:
The layering of
sediment
What is Weathering, Erosion,
Deposition & Stratification?




Weathering – breaking down
of rock
Erosion – wearing down and
_____ of rock by water, wind,
gravity
Deposition - The dropping and
accumulation of _____ in low
places such as a lake, or ocean
bottom
Stratification - The layering of
sediment
Answer Bank
Organic
deposited
sediment
Movement
compress
Weathered
compaction
Sediments



Small weathered and eroded
broken down pieces of rock and
organic material
Classified by their size
Ex: sand, silt, pebbles, plants, and
shells
Pebble
Sediments are classified
by their sizes
Sand
Silt
Clay
Invisible
at this scale
Sediment, It’s Everywhere! Even on the Moon?
Sand or Silt? Neither, it’s called Regolith!!!!!
What are Sediments?



Small weathered and
eroded broken down
pieces of rock and _____
material
Classified by their size
Ex: sand, silt, pebbles,
plants, and shells
Answer Bank
Organic
deposited
sediment
Movement
compress
Weathered
compaction
Sedimentary
Rocks (clastic)




Now that we have broken down
rock into sediment, we can make
sedimentary rock
Clastic Sedimentary Rock forms
through deposition, stratification
(layering) and lithification process
Lithification literally means “To
make Rock”
The lithification involves
compacting and cementing
sediment
Sand
Sandstone
sediments
gravel
sand
conglomerate
sandstone
silt
sedimentary
rocks
siltstone
clay
shale
What are Clastic Sedimentary Rocks?

Rock created through the
deposition, stratification
(layering), and ______of
sediment

Ex: Silt stone, sandstone,
conglomerate
Conglomerate Sandstone Siltstone
Answer Bank
Organic
deposited
sediment
Movement
compress
Weathered
Compaction
lithification
Shale
Lithification
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How does sediment become
sedimentary rock????
The answer is Lithification!!!!
Lithification is the process that
involves compaction and
cementation of sediment
Compaction occurs when
layers of sediment
compress the rock below it
Cementation is when
sediments are glued
together by minerals
deposited between them
Compaction
Cementation
Compaction
What is
Lithification?
Answer
Bank
Organic
deposited
sediment
Movement
compress
Weathered
compaction
Cementation
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

Process by which
sediment becomes
sedimentary rock by
compaction and
cementation
Compaction occurs
when layers of sediment
____the rock below it
Cementation is when
sediments are glued
together by minerals
____ between them
Compaction
Cementation
Summarize:

1. Weathering
______
Please draw the diagram below
and fill in the missing terms:
–
–
–
–
Deposition
Compaction & Cementation
Erosion
Weathering
Erosion
2.______
Deposition
3.______
Compaction Cementation
4.______&_______
Unit: Rocks
Topic: Metamorphic Rocks
Objectives: Day 3 of 4
 I will be able to compare and contrast organic
and chemical sedimentary rocks
 I will know how metamorphic rocks form
 I will know how foliation forms in metamorphic
rocks as a result of pressure and temperature
Quickwrite
Answer one the questions below in 1-2 sentences:
 What would be left behind if you let a glass of salty
water evaporate in the hot sun???
 If you add heat to a raw egg what happens to
it?????
 What would happen to your hand if you kept
stacking textbooks on top of it????
 What are some rocks you may have seen in a
cave???
Organic Sedimentary Rocks

Organic Sedimentary
Rocks are Rocks that
have formed from once
living creatures or
Organisms
– Ex: Coal, a carbon rich rock
that formed from the buried
and compacted remains of
dead plants
– Ex: Limestone formed by
compacted and cemented
shells and coral
Coal
Limestone
Coal Formation
Coal

Coal formed
from the buried
and compacted
remains of
plants over
millions of
years
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Chemical Sedimentary rocks form when
minerals precipitate or solidify out of
water
– Ex: Gypsum formed when lakes evaporate leaving
behind the salt
Gypsum
Gypsum Formation
(chemical sedimentary rock)

Gypsum formed when lakes evaporate
leaving behind the a precipitate solid rock
Salty Lake
Stalactite Formation


Stalactites form in
caves as dissolved
minerals in water
Calcium
Calcium
Calcium
Mineral
Mineral
Mineral
precipitate and Calcium
Mineral
Calcium
solidify into
Mineral
rock
Over time,
Stalactites grow
What’s the difference between Organic
and Chemical Sedimentary rocks?

Organic Sedimentary Rocks
living creatures
form from once _____
or Organisms
– Ex: Coal, carbon rich rock formed
from buried & compacted remains
of dead plants
– Ex: Limestone formed by
compacted and cemented shells
and coral
Coal

Answer
Bank
Align
Precipitate
Living
Pressure
Solidify
shells
Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary rocks
form when minerals precipitate
________or
solidify out of water
– Ex: Gypsum formed when lakes
evaporate leaving behind the salt
Gypsum
Metamorphic Rocks
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Igneous rocks are born of fire
Sedimentary rocks are formed by
weathering and erosion
But how do Metamorphic Rocks Form?
The last type of rock we will study is
called metamorphic rock
Metamorphic Rocks
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
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The word “Metamorphic” or “Morph” means to
change
So, how do rocks change?
By Heat and Pressure
In order to understand Metamorphic Rocks, we need
to understand how heat and pressure can change a
pre-existing rock
Limestone
Marble
Metamorphic Rocks

When rocks
are subjected
to extreme
temperatures
& pressures,
their
chemistry
changes and
they become
a new rock
What are Metamorphic Rocks ?


Rocks that have ______
changed due to a
temperature or pressure
_____ increase
Ex: marble, slate, Quartzite, & Gneiss
Answer Bank
Align
Living
Pressure
Solidify
changed



FoliationPressure and Heat
Pictured here is
Granite
What happens if we
apply heat and
pressure to granite??
Applying pressure
will cause the
minerals to flatten
and become aligned
Granite
Gneiss
Pressure and Heat
Foliation
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
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Metamorphic rocks are classified as either
Foliated (having foliation) and Non-Foliated
(no foliation)
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks include Slate
and Gneiss
Slate
Gneiss
Non-foliated Rocks include Marble and
Quartzite
Marble
Quartzite
What is Foliation?

Answer Bank
Align
Living
Pressure
Solidify
When mineral grains flatten
align themselves as a
and ____
Pressure and Heat
result of pressure

Foliated Rock =
Slate & Gniess

Non-Foliated Rock =
Marble & Quartzite
Pressure and Heat
Protolith
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Before they were Metamorphic Rocks, they were either
igneous or sedimentary
For example, Limestone below is a Sedimentary Rock
If we add Heat and Pressure, it will change into marble
A protolith is the original rock from which a
metamorphic rock formed
The table below summarize some common protoliths
Table 1
Heat and Pressure
Limestone
Siltstone
Heat and Pressure
Limestone
Marble
Marble
Slate
Sandstone
Heat and Pressure
Quartzite
Granite
Heat and Pressure
Gneiss
What is a Protolith?


original rock from which a
The ______
metamorphic rock formed
Draw table below:
Table 1
Answer Bank
Align
original
Living
Pressure
Solidify
Limestone
Heat and Pressure
Marble
Siltstone
Heat and Pressure
Slate
Sandstone
Heat and Pressure
Quartzite
Granite
Heat and Pressure
Gneiss
Summarize:

Extrusive
Igneous Rock
Please draw the diagram below
and fill in the missing terms:
–
–
–
–
4.________
Intrusive Igneous Rock
Extrusive igneous rock
Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic Rock
Intrusive
Igneous Rock
3.________
Metamorphic Rock
2.__________
Heat &
Pressure
Heat &
Pressure
Sedimentary Rock
1.__________
Unit: Rocks
Topic: Rock Identification
Objectives: Day 4 of 4
 I will be able to identify rocks based on their
physical properties
 I will be able to review the rock cycle and
know how it works
Quickwrite
Answer one the questions below in
1-2 sentences:
 If you were blindfolded, how would you
be able to tell the difference between a
piece of sand paper and a piece of
glass???
Rock Physical Properties



Rocks are classified
by how they form
But how do we tell
them apart??
Just like minerals,
rocks have physical
properties that we use
to tell them apart
Rock Physical Properties:
Igneous Rocks



Igneous rocks have
different textures for, a rock
like granite with large
crystals has a course
grained texture
Some rocks like rhyolite
with small crystals have a
fine grained texture
Some rocks cooled so
quickly, they have a glassy
texture like obsidian
Granite
Rhyolite
Obsidian
Rock Physical Properties:
Igneous Rocks


Some rocks like Basalt
or Scoria have holes in
them that formed from
gases escaping from as
the lava cooled
We call these holes
vesicles
Basalt
Scoria
Rock Physical Properties:
Sedimentary Rocks


Sedimentary Rocks
are identified by
sediment size
Another clue to it’s
identity is texture,
sandstone feels
gritty, siltstone is
smooth
Rock Physical Properties:
Sedimentary Rocks

Sedimentary
Rocks are also
identified by
having layers
or fossils
Rock Physical Properties:
Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphic
rocks are
identified by
either having
foliation or
lacking in
foliation
How do we identify igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks?

By their physical ______
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
small crystals create
a fine-grained
texture
By their
texture,
sandstone
feels gritty
siltstone feels
smooth
look for
foliation
or
no-foliation
large crystals create
a coarse grained
texture
obsidian has a
glassy texture
gas holes or vesicles
look for
layers or
fossils
Answer Bank
Properties
Heat &
Pressure(2)
Compaction &
Cementation
Cooling &
Hardening
Erosion &
Weathering
Rock Cycle Review
Magma
Cooling and
Hardening of Magma
Melting
Igneous
Rock
Heat and
Pressure
Weathering
And Erosion
Sediments
Metamorphic
Rock
Sedimentary
Compaction
Rock
And Cementation
Heat and
Pressure
Rock Cycle
Use the rock cycle to help fill in the blanks
Magma or
Sediment
Physical
Process:
Rock
Type:
Physical
Process:
Silt 
compaction & cementation
 Siltstone 
Sand 
compaction & cementation
 Sandstone 
1)
 sand 
Compaction &
cementation
Rock
Type:
Start Here
Basalt 
2)
Magma 
Broken pieces 
Shells & Coral
Answer
Bank
3)
5)
heat and pressure
 Limestone 
erosion & weathering
 Quartzite
Sandstone
4)
 Granite 
cooling & hardening
 Slate
Heat & Pressure
Heat & Pressure (2)
Compaction & cementation
 Gneiss
 Marble
Time to play:
Clue: I have a gritty texture, and as you can see, I am
also made up of layers!!!!
1. Am I Igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic????
2. Am I granite, sandstone, Gneiss, siltstone, basalt, or
obsidian????
Time to play:
Clue: I have been exposed to heat and pressure, as
result I have squished mineral grains or foliation!!!!
1. Am I Igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic????
2. Am I granite, sandstone, Gneiss, siltstone, basalt, or
obsidian??
Time to play:
Clue: I formed from lava above the surface, and as result
I have small crystal grains and a fine grained texture, I
also have gas holes or vesicles…….
1. Am I Igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic????
2. Am I granite, sandstone, Gneiss, siltstone, basalt, or
obsidian??
Time to play:
Clue: I formed from lava above the surface, I cooled so
quiockly that I became volcanic glass and as result I
have a smooth glassy texture…….
1. Am I Igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic????
2. Am I granite, sandstone, Gneiss, siltstone, basalt, or
obsidian??
Time to play:
Clue: I have a fossil fern, I am made from the
compaction and cementation of sediment, unlike
sandstone, I have a smooth texture …….
1. Am I Igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic????
2. Am I granite, sandstone, Gneiss, siltstone, basalt, or
obsidian??
Time to play:
Clue: I cooled from magma slowly underground, therfore
I made up of large crystals giving me a course grained
texture…..
1. Am I Igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic????
2. Am I granite, sandstone, Gneiss, siltstone, basalt, or
obsidian??
Summarize:
Draw and Complete the Rock Cycle:
Magma cools
and hardens
Melting
????
????
Heat and
Pressure
????
Weathering
and Erosion
????
????
Compaction
and Cementation
Answer Bank
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Weathering &
Erosion (2)
Igneous
Heat & Pressure