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APES Ch 8 Study Guide Population Change Population Clocks http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html Excellent explanation of exponential function http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=FQA2rkpBSY&feature=related Excellent illustration of human population growth (7.5 minutes). It is important to watch this to the end http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=4BbkQiQyaYc Vocabulary Population- a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time Dispersal- movement of individuals from one region to another (includes immigration and emigration) Immigration- movement of individuals into an area Emigration- movement of individuals out of an area Intrinsic Rate of Increase (Biotic Potential)- maximum rate at which a population can grow under ideal conditions Exponential Growth- accelerating growth that results from a constant rate of change over time (produces a J-shaped growth curve as the populations grows faster and faster the larger it gets) Negative Feedback Mechanism- factors which cause change in the opposite direction (for example, as a population grows, food supply limits tend to slow or reverse population growth) Environmental Resistance- limits set by factors such as the availability of food, water, space, shelter and limits set by disease Carrying Capacity (K)- the maximum population a particular environment can sustainably support for an indefinite period of time Logistic Population Growth- an S-shaped population growth curve that results when small populations no where near the carrying capacity grow very rapidly then level off at or near the carrying capacity Density-Dependent Factors- environmental factors whose effects on a population increase as the population density increases Density-Independent Factors- environmental factors whose effects on a population are not influenced by the density of the population Survivorship- the probability a given individual will survive to a particular age Demography- branch of sociology that involves the study of population statistics and describes the populations of countries, regions and ethnic groups of people Demographic Transition- the demographic stages a country goes through as it changes from a preindustrial society to an industrial society Age Structure- a description of the proportion and number of people in each age class in a population 1. Why is population density more valuable information than simply the total population? 2. Calculate the growth rate (r) for a population if there are 25 births/1000 people and 12 deaths/1000 people and the net dispersal is 0/1000. 3. Calculate the growth rate (r) for a population if there are 25 births/1000 people, 12 deaths/1000, 2 immigrants/1000, and 1 emigrant/1000. 4. Explain why a constant growth rate produces a J-shaped growth curve. What do we call this type of growth? 5. Explain the difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors that affect population size and give two examples of each. 6. Describe the general interactions between moose and wolf populations on Isle Royale. 7. What is a boom-or-bust population cycle? Give an example of a species that often exhibits this population pattern. 8. What do ecologists mean by r-selected species (or r strategists)? Give two examples of r strategists. 9. What do ecologists mean by K-selected species (or K strategists)? Give two examples of K strategists. 10. Describe type I survivorship. Describe the shape of a type I survivorship curve and give an example of a species that illustrates this pattern. 11. Describe type II survivorship. Describe the shape of a type II survivorship curve and give an example of a species that illustrates this pattern. 12. Describe type III survivorship. Describe the shape of a type III survivorship curve and give an example of a species that illustrates this pattern. 13. Explain how humans can decrease the Earth’s carrying capacity for humans. 14. Explain how humans can increase the Earth’s carrying capacity for humans. 15. Describe Thomas Malthus’ prediction of human population growth. 16. Briefly describe human population growth during the last 200 years. 17. Describe the characteristics of highly developed countries and give 3 examples. 18. Describe the characteristics of moderately developed countries and give 3 examples. 19. Describe the characteristics of less developed countries and give 3 examples. 20. If a population is growing at a rate of 3 percent, what is its doubling time? Briefly discuss what this means for the country in terms of providing basic needs for its citizens (health care, education, food, water treatment, etc.). . 21. Compare the birth rate, death rate and population growth rate for each of the four stages of demographic transition. Preindustrial- Transitional-. Industrial- Postindustrial- Examine figure 8.15 and note how total fertility rates compare from the early 1960s to 2006. Note today the current worldwide average fertility rate is 2.7 Replacement-level fertility is 2.1 22. If a age structure diagram has a broad base what does that tell you about the proportion of people in different age classes in the population? What does it tell you about the population growth momentum? 23. What is the difference between the total fertility rate and replacement-level fertility rate? 24. Why is the replacement-level fertility rate always higher than two? 25. Explain two reasons why the population of a country may continue to grow even if it has reached replacement-level of fertility. 26. The United States has a lower fertility rate than Mexico. Does the US have a population problem? Defend your answer. Does Mexico have a population problem? Defend your answer. 27. Explain how the loss of a predator will affect not only the prey species but other species in the ecosystem as well.