Download APES Ch 8 Study Guide Population Change - Bennatti

APES Ch 8 Study Guide Population Change
Population Clocks
http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
Excellent explanation of exponential function http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=FQA2rkpBSY&feature=related
Excellent illustration of human population growth (7.5 minutes). It is important to watch this to
the end http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=4BbkQiQyaYc
Vocabulary
Population- a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time
Dispersal- movement of individuals from one region to another (includes immigration and
emigration)
Immigration- movement of individuals into an area
Emigration- movement of individuals out of an area
Intrinsic Rate of Increase (Biotic Potential)- maximum rate at which a population can grow under
ideal conditions
Exponential Growth- accelerating growth that results from a constant rate of change over time
(produces a J-shaped growth curve as the populations grows faster and faster the larger it gets)
Negative Feedback Mechanism- factors which cause change in the opposite direction (for example,
as a population grows, food supply limits tend to slow or reverse population growth)
Environmental Resistance- limits set by factors such as the availability of food, water, space, shelter
and limits set by disease
Carrying Capacity (K)- the maximum population a particular environment can sustainably support
for an indefinite period of time
Logistic Population Growth- an S-shaped population growth curve that results when small
populations no where near the carrying capacity grow very rapidly then level off at or near the
carrying capacity
Density-Dependent Factors- environmental factors whose effects on a population increase as the
population density increases
Density-Independent Factors- environmental factors whose effects on a population are not
influenced by the density of the population
Survivorship- the probability a given individual will survive to a particular age
Demography- branch of sociology that involves the study of population statistics and describes the
populations of countries, regions and ethnic groups of people
Demographic Transition- the demographic stages a country goes through as it changes from a
preindustrial society to an industrial society
Age Structure- a description of the proportion and number of people in each age class in a
population
1.
Why is population density more valuable information than simply the total population?
2.
Calculate the growth rate (r) for a population if there are 25 births/1000 people and 12
deaths/1000 people and the net dispersal is 0/1000.
3.
Calculate the growth rate (r) for a population if there are 25 births/1000 people, 12
deaths/1000, 2 immigrants/1000, and 1 emigrant/1000.
4.
Explain why a constant growth rate produces a J-shaped growth curve. What do we call this
type of growth?
5.
Explain the difference between density-dependent and density-independent factors that affect
population size and give two examples of each.
6.
Describe the general interactions between moose and wolf populations on Isle Royale.
7.
What is a boom-or-bust population cycle? Give an example of a species that often exhibits
this population pattern.
8.
What do ecologists mean by r-selected species (or r strategists)? Give two examples of r
strategists.
9.
What do ecologists mean by K-selected species (or K strategists)? Give two examples of K
strategists.
10.
Describe type I survivorship. Describe the shape of a type I survivorship curve and give an
example of a species that illustrates this pattern.
11.
Describe type II survivorship. Describe the shape of a type II survivorship curve and give an
example of a species that illustrates this pattern.
12.
Describe type III survivorship. Describe the shape of a type III survivorship curve and give
an example of a species that illustrates this pattern.
13.
Explain how humans can decrease the Earth’s carrying capacity for humans.
14.
Explain how humans can increase the Earth’s carrying capacity for humans.
15.
Describe Thomas Malthus’ prediction of human population growth.
16.
Briefly describe human population growth during the last 200 years.
17.
Describe the characteristics of highly developed countries and give 3 examples.
18.
Describe the characteristics of moderately developed countries and give 3 examples.
19.
Describe the characteristics of less developed countries and give 3 examples.
20.
If a population is growing at a rate of 3 percent, what is its doubling time?
Briefly discuss what this means for the country in terms of providing basic needs for its
citizens (health care, education, food, water treatment, etc.).
.
21.
Compare the birth rate, death rate and population growth rate for each of the four stages of
demographic transition.
Preindustrial-
Transitional-.
Industrial-
Postindustrial-
Examine figure 8.15 and note how total fertility rates compare from the early 1960s to 2006.
Note today the current worldwide average fertility rate is 2.7
Replacement-level fertility is 2.1
22.
If a age structure diagram has a broad base what does that tell you about the proportion of
people in different age classes in the population? What does it tell you about the population
growth momentum?
23.
What is the difference between the total fertility rate and replacement-level fertility rate?
24.
Why is the replacement-level fertility rate always higher than two?
25.
Explain two reasons why the population of a country may continue to grow even if it has
reached replacement-level of fertility.
26.
The United States has a lower fertility rate than Mexico. Does the US have a population
problem? Defend your answer.
Does Mexico have a population problem? Defend your answer.
27.
Explain how the loss of a predator will affect not only the prey species but other species in the
ecosystem as well.