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sdth Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ 1. Snowshoes enable a person to walk on deep snow because the snowshoes a. decrease the person’s weight on the snow. b. increase the area over which the person’s weight is distributed. c. increase the pressure on the snow. d. increase the buoyancy of the person. 2. A unit of pressure is called a a. bernoulli. b. pascal. c. pound. d. meter. 3. Air pressure exerted equally on an object from different directions is a. balanced pressure. b. gravitational pressure. c. fluid pressure. d. constant pressure. 4. Given that the air pressure outside your body is so great, why aren’t you crushed? a. Human skin is extremely strong. b. Earth’s gravity cancels out the air pressure. c. Pressure inside your body balances the air pressure outside your body. d. Inertia changes the pressure before it comes into contact with you. 5. Air pressure decreases as a. velocity increases. b. elevation increases. c. acceleration decreases. d. gravity increases. 6. Water pressure increases as a. depth increases. b. gravity decreases. c. force decreases. d. acceleration increases. 7. Which type of substance does Pascal’s principle deal with? a. solids b. fluids c. powders d. metals 8. One application of Pascal’s principle is a. a hydraulic car lift. b. the flight of an airplane. c. a speedboat’s bottom slapping against the waves. d. the buoyancy shown by ducks and other waterfowl. 9. What scientific rule describes why water squirts from a plastic bottle when it is squeezed? a. Bernoulli’s principle b. Archimedes’ principle ____ 10. ____ 11. ____ 12. ____ 13. ____ 14. ____ 15. ____ 16. ____ 17. ____ 18. ____ 19. c. Pascal’s principle d. Newton’s first law of motion What does a hydraulic system do? a. decrease pressure b. increase velocity c. multiply force d. reduce inertia Which of the following is true of the buoyant force? a. It acts in the downward direction. b. It acts with the force of gravity. c. It acts in the upward direction. d. It makes an object feel heavier. What effect does a buoyant force have on a submerged object? a. It causes the object to sink in a fluid. b. It causes a net force acting upward on the object. c. It causes the object to float in a fluid. d. It causes a net force acting downward on the object. If an object floats, the volume of displaced water is equal to the volume of a. the entire object. b. the portion of the object that is above water. c. the portion of the object that is submerged. d. exactly half of the object. What scientific rule states that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object? a. Archimedes’ principle b. Pascal’s principle c. Bernoulli’s principle d. Newton’s third law of motion When water fills a submarine’s flotation tanks, the overall density of the submarine a. decreases. b. stays the same. c. increases. d. reduces the buoyant force. A ship stays afloat as long as the buoyant force is a. less than the ship’s weight. b. equal to the ship’s weight. c. less than the ship’s speed. d. greater than the ship’s speed. Pascal’s principle states that when force is applied to a confined fluid, the change in pressure is transmitted a. only to the area where the pressure is applied. b. equally to all parts of the fluid. c. to any weakness in the fluid’s container. d. in the direction of the buoyant force. Smoke rises up a chimney partly because of a. Archimedes’ principle. b. Pascal’s principle. c. Bernoulli’s principle. d. Newton’s third law of motion. Bernoulli’s principle helps to explain ____ 20. ____ 21. ____ 22. ____ 23. ____ 24. ____ 25. ____ 26. ____ 27. ____ 28. a. hydraulic brakes. b. buoyancy. c. momentum. d. flight. The mass per unit volume of a substance is its a. density. b. buoyancy. c. weight. d. fluid pressure. An object that is more dense than the fluid in which it is immersed will a. sink. b. rise. c. neither rise nor sink. d. sink at first, than rise slowly. Which of these substances is the LEAST dense? a. wood b. copper c. mercury d. rubber Pressure can be measured in units of a. newtons. b. newtons per square meter. c. newtons per centimeter. d. newtons per cubic centimeter. A substance whose shape can easily change is a a. solid. b. powder. c. fluid. d. metal. A material that can easily flow is called a a. fluid. b. solid. c. buoyant force. d. hydraulic material. What scientific rule states that the pressure exerted by a moving stream of fluid is less than the pressure of the surrounding fluid? a. Archimedes’ principle b. Pascal’s principle c. Bernoulli’s principle d. Newton’s third law of motion The pressure in the deepest parts of the ocean is roughly how many times the usual air pressure you experience? a. 10 b. 100 c. 1,000 d. 1,000,000 Which of these multiplies a force by transmitting it to a large surface area? a. a hydraulic system b. a buoyant force c. a balanced pressure d. a force pump ____ 29. The braking system on a car is an example of a. a hydraulic system. b. buoyancy. c. Bernoulli’s principle. d. Newton’s third law of motion. ____ 30. A barometer is used to measure pressure a. in the atmosphere. b. under water. c. in hydraulic systems. d. under a snowshoe. Modified True/False Indicate whether the sentence or statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the sentence or statement true. ____ 31. The pressure you exert on the floor decreases when you stand on your toes because the area on which you exert force decreases. _________________________ ____ 32. The air pressure at an altitude of 3 km is less than the air pressure at 1 km. _________________________ ____ 33. In a stationary fluid, the buoyant force is exerted equally in all directions. _________________________ ____ 34. Hydraulic systems use two pistons with different surface areas to lift heavy objects. _________________________ ____ 35. More force is required to lift an object in water than on land because of the buoyant force of the water. _________________________ ____ 36. Bernoulli’s principle states that the buoyant force acting on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid the object displaces. _________________________ ____ 37. As a ship is unloaded, it rises higher in the water because the density of the ship and its cargo increases. _________________________ ____ 38. Wind blowing across the top of a chimney helps to draw air up the chimney. This is an example of Bernoulli’s principle. _________________________ ____ 39. As an airplane wing moves, air moves faster above the wing than below it. _________________________ ____ 40. Water pressure is due to the weight of the water above a particular point. _________________________ Completion Complete each sentence or statement. 41. The pressure resulting from a force of 50 N exerted over an area of 5 m2 is ____________________ Pa. 42. Water pressure ____________________ with depth. 43. A mountain climber might carry oxygen because the air pressure at the top of the mountain is ____________________ than the air pressure at the bottom. 44. Pressure ___________________ as the area over which a force is distributed increases. 45. The unit of pressure is called the _______________________. 46. When force is applied to a confined fluid, an increase in ____________________ is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid. 47. When you squeeze one end of an inflated balloon, the other end bulges out. This behavior is an example of ____________________ principle. 48. In a hydraulic device, the surface area of the small piston is 20 cm2 and the surface area of the large piston is 80 cm2. To lift a 400-N barrel placed on the large piston, you must apply a force of ____________________ to the small piston. 49. When you squeeze on a bottle with a closed top, the change in pressure is transmitted ____________________ to all parts of the fluid. 50. A net force acts on a submerged object because the upward pressure on the bottom of the object is greater than the ____________________ pressure on the top of the object. 51. The buoyant force acts in the direction opposite the force of _____________________. 52. A block of wood is placed in a jar of water. According to Archimedes’ principle, the ____________________ on the block is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid. 53. The greater the portion of a tennis ball beneath the surface of a liquid, the ____________________ the buoyant force on the ball. 54. Chocolate syrup sinks in milk because chocolate syrup is more ____________________ than milk. 55. A wooden block floats both in water, which has a density of 1.0 g/cm3, and in corn oil, which has a density of 1.38 g/cm3. Less of the wooden block will be submerged in the ____________________. 56. According to Bernoulli’s principle, the pressure in a moving stream of fluid is ____________________ than the pressure of the surrounding fluid. 57. During high winds, the windows in a building may bulge outward because the air pressure inside the building is ____________________ than the air pressure outside the building. 58. Perfume is released from an atomizer when squeezing the bulb makes the pressure at the top of the tube ____________________ than the pressure at the bottom. 59. An eagle can glide through the air on a windy day thanks in part to ____________________ principle. 60. A pascal can be expressed as one ____________________ per square meter. Short Answer Use the diagram to answer each question. 61. Compare the air pressure on the surface of the water outside the glass tube in each container. 62. Compare the air pressure on the surface of the water inside the glass tube in container A with the air pressure on the surface of the water inside the glass tube in container B. 63. In which container is the air pressure inside the glass tube the greatest? 64. Compare the fluid pressure on the bottom of container A with the fluid pressure on the bottom of container B. 65. In container B, what will happen to the levels of the water in the glass tube and in the container if the stopper is removed? Explain. 66. Compare the air pressure on the surface of the water inside the glass tube in container B with that inside the glass tube in container C. Then compare the force of the air on the surface of the water inside the glass tubes in containers B and C. Explain. Use the diagram to answer each question. 67. When the block was placed in the liquid in container A, the level of the liquid rose. Why? 68. In what direction is the buoyant force acting on the block in container A? 69. How is the buoyant force related to the displaced liquid in container A? 70. Compare the buoyant force on the block in container B with the weight of the block. 71. Compare the buoyant force in container A with the buoyant force in container B. 72. The fluids in both containers are identical, and both blocks are the same size. Therefore, what can we conclude about the densities of the blocks? Essay 73. How can a woman wearing high heels exert a greater pressure on the floor than another woman of equal mass wearing work boots? 74. Why do the small bubbles of air exhaled by a submerged scuba diver get larger as they float to the surface of the water? 75. Suppose you shake a closed can containing a carbonated beverage. Explain what happens when you open the can. 76. Explain how a light push applied to the lever of a hydraulic barbershop chair can lift a person in the chair. 77. A block is gently lowered into a large container that is completely filled with water. The block is then released. The water that the partially submerged block displaces is caught in a cup and weighed. If the weight of the displaced water is 2.0 N, what is the weight of the block? Explain. 78. If you hold a sheet of notebook paper just under your lips and blow hard across the top of it, the paper will rise. Explain this result. 79. When the flap at the rear of an airplane wing is in the downward position, the curvature of the wing increases. How will this help affect the amount of lift on the wing? Explain. 80. A solid plastic bead floats between a layer of water, which has a density of 1.00 g/cm3, and a layer of glycerin, which has a density of 1.26 g/cm3. What is the possible range for the density of the plastic used to make the bead? Explain. sdth Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: STO: 2. ANS: STO: 3. ANS: STO: 4. ANS: STO: 5. ANS: STO: 6. ANS: STO: 7. ANS: STO: 8. ANS: STO: 9. ANS: STO: 10. ANS: STO: 11. ANS: STO: 12. ANS: STO: 13. ANS: STO: 14. ANS: STO: 15. ANS: STO: 16. ANS: STO: 17. ANS: STO: 18. ANS: OBJ: 19. ANS: STO: 20. ANS: STO: 21. ANS: STO: 22. ANS: B DIF: L2 REF: p. M-75 OBJ: 5.7.A.2, 5.3.B.1 B DIF: L2 REF: p. M-75 OBJ: 5.7.A.2, 5.3.B.1 A DIF: L2 REF: p. M-77 OBJ: 5.7.A.2 C DIF: L2 REF: p. M-77 OBJ: 5.7.A.2 B DIF: L2 REF: p. M-79 OBJ: 5.7.A.2 A DIF: L1 REF: p. M-79 OBJ: 5.7.A.2 B DIF: L2 REF: p. M-91 OBJ: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.1 A DIF: L2 REF: p. M-92 OBJ: 5.7.A.1, 5.2.A.2, 5.2.B.2 C DIF: L2 REF: p. M-91 OBJ: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.1 C DIF: L1 REF: p. M-93 OBJ: 5.2.B.2, 5.3.D.1.a C DIF: L1 REF: p. M-83 OBJ: 5.7.A.2 B DIF: L2 REF: p. M-83 OBJ: 5.7.A.2 C DIF: L2 REF: p. M-84 OBJ: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.2 A DIF: L1 REF: p. M-84 OBJ: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.2 C DIF: L1 REF: p. M-86 OBJ: 5.7.A.2, 5.1.B.3, 5.1.A.2 B DIF: L3 REF: p. M-84 OBJ: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.2 B DIF: L1 REF: p. M-91 OBJ: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.1 C DIF: L2 REF: p. M-97, p. M-98 M.3.4.2 STO: 5.2.B.2, 5.7.A.2, 5.7.A.1 D DIF: L1 REF: p. M-97 OBJ: 5.2.B.2, 5.7.A.2, 5.7.A.1 A DIF: L1 REF: p. M-85 OBJ: 5.3.B.1, 5.7.A.2 A DIF: L1 REF: p. M-85 OBJ: 5.3.B.1, 5.7.A.2 A DIF: L2 REF: p. M-85 OBJ: M.3.1.1 M.3.1.1 M.3.1.2 M.3.1.2 M.3.1.3 M.3.1.3 M.3.3.1 M.3.3.1 M.3.3.2 M.3.3.2 M.3.2.1 M.3.2.1 M.3.2.1 M.3.3.2 M.3.2.2 M.3.2.1 M.3.4.1 M.3.4.2 M.3.2.2 M.3.2.2 M.3.2.2 STO: 23. ANS: STO: 24. ANS: STO: 25. ANS: STO: 26. ANS: STO: 27. ANS: STO: 28. ANS: STO: 29. ANS: STO: 30. ANS: STO: 5.3.B.1, 5.7.A.2 B DIF: L2 5.7.A.2, 5.3.B.1 C DIF: L2 5.7.A.2 A DIF: L1 5.7.A.2 C DIF: L3 5.2.A.3, 5.1.B.1, 5.1.A.3 C DIF: L2 5.7.A.2, 5.8.D A DIF: L2 5.2.B.2, 5.3.D.1.a A DIF: L2 5.2.B.2 A DIF: L1 5.7.A.2, 5.8.D REF: p. M-75 OBJ: M.3.1.1 REF: p. M-76 OBJ: M.3.1.2 REF: p. M-76 OBJ: M.3.1.2 REF: p. M-96 OBJ: M.3.4.1 REF: p. M-80 OBJ: M.3.1.3 REF: p. M-93 OBJ: M.3.3.2 REF: p. M-94 OBJ: M.3.2.2 REF: p. M-80 OBJ: M.3.1.3 OBJ: M.3.1.1 DIF: L2 STO: 5.7.A.2, 5.3.B.1 REF: p. M-79 MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 31. ANS: F, increases DIF: 32. ANS: OBJ: 33. ANS: L3 T M.3.1.3 F, pressure REF: p. M-75 DIF: 34. ANS: OBJ: 35. ANS: L1 T M.3.3.1 F, Less REF: p. M-77 STO: 5.7.A.2 OBJ: M.3.1.2 DIF: L3 STO: 5.7.A.1, 5.2.A.2, 5.2.B.2 STO: 5.7.A.2 REF: p. M-92 DIF: L1 REF: p. M-83 36. ANS: F, Archimedes’ principle OBJ: M.3.2.1 STO: 5.7.A.2 DIF: L1 37. ANS: F, decreases REF: p. M-84 OBJ: M.3.2.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.2 DIF: 38. ANS: OBJ: 39. ANS: OBJ: 40. ANS: OBJ: REF: p. M-86 COMPLETION L3 T M.3.4.2 T M.3.4.2 T M.3.1.3 OBJ: M.3.2.2 DIF: L2 STO: 5.2.B.2, 5.7.A.1 DIF: L3 STO: 5.2.B.2, 5.7.A.2, 5.7.A.1 DIF: L1 STO: 5.7.A.2, 5.8.D STO: 5.7.A.2, 5.1.B.3, 5.1.A.2 REF: p. M-98 REF: p. M-97 REF: p. M-80 41. ANS: 10 DIF: L3 42. ANS: increases REF: p. M-75 OBJ: M.3.1.1 STO: 5.7.A.2, 5.3.B.1 DIF: L1 43. ANS: less REF: p. M-79 OBJ: M.3.1.3 STO: 5.7.A.2 DIF: L3 44. ANS: decreases REF: p. M-79 OBJ: M.3.1.3 STO: 5.7.A.2 DIF: L1 45. ANS: pascal REF: p. M-75 OBJ: M.3.1.1 STO: 5.7.A.2, 5.3.B.1 DIF: L1 46. ANS: pressure REF: p. M-75 OBJ: M.3.1.1 STO: 5.7.A.2, 5.3.B.1 DIF: L1 47. ANS: Pascal’s REF: p. M-91 OBJ: M.3.3.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.1 DIF: L3 48. ANS: 100 N REF: p. M-91 OBJ: M.3.3.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.1 DIF: L3 49. ANS: equally REF: p. M-92 OBJ: M.3.3.1 STO: 5.7.A.1, 5.2.A.2, 5.2.B.2 DIF: L2 50. ANS: downward REF: p. M-91 OBJ: M.3.3.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.1 DIF: L2 51. ANS: gravity REF: p. M-83 OBJ: M.3.2.1 STO: 5.7.A.2 DIF: L1 REF: p. M-83 52. ANS: buoyant force OBJ: M.3.2.1 STO: 5.7.A.2 DIF: L2 53. ANS: greater REF: p. M-84 OBJ: M.3.2.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.2 DIF: L3 54. ANS: dense REF: p. M-84 OBJ: M.3.2.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.2 DIF: L2 55. ANS: corn oil REF: p. M-85 OBJ: M.3.2.2 STO: 5.3.B.1, 5.7.A.2 DIF: L3 56. ANS: lower REF: p. M-85 OBJ: M.3.2.2 STO: 5.3.B.1, 5.7.A.2 DIF: L3 57. ANS: higher REF: p. M-96 OBJ: M.3.4.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.1.B.1, 5.1.A.3 DIF: L3 58. ANS: lower REF: p. M-96 OBJ: M.3.4.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.1.B.1, 5.1.A.3 DIF: L2 59. ANS: Bernoulli’s REF: p. M-98 OBJ: M.3.4.2 STO: 5.2.B.2, 5.7.A.1 DIF: L2 60. ANS: newton REF: p. M-97 OBJ: M.3.4.2 STO: 5.2.B.2, 5.7.A.2, 5.7.A.1 DIF: L2 REF: p. M-75 OBJ: M.3.1.1 STO: 5.7.A.2, 5.3.B.1 SHORT ANSWER 61. ANS: The air pressure on the surface of the water outside the glass tube in each container is the same. DIF: L2 REF: p. M-77 OBJ: M.3.1.2 STO: 5.7.A.2 62. ANS: The air pressure is greater in container A. It must be, because the height of the water’s surface inside the tube is lower. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-77 OBJ: M.3.1.2 STO: 5.7.A.2 63. ANS: In container D. It must be, because the surface of the water in the glass tube is lowest in container D. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-77 OBJ: M.3.1.2 STO: 5.7.A.2 64. ANS: The fluid pressures are the same; the water is the same depth in both containers. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-77 OBJ: M.3.1.2 STO: 5.7.A.2 65. ANS: If the stopper is removed, air pressure will return to normal in the glass tube, which means it will increase. The weight of the air pressure will push the water in the tube down, causing the surrounding water to rise until the levels are the same. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-77 OBJ: M.3.1.2 STO: 5.7.A.2 66. ANS: The water is at the same height in the glass tubes in containers B and C. Therefore, the pressure on the surface of the water is the same inside the tubes in both containers. The force on the surface of the water inside the tube in container C is greater than that inside the tube in container B because the pressure is acting over a greater area. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-77 67. ANS: The block displaced some of the liquid. OBJ: M.3.1.2 STO: 5.7.A.2 DIF: L1 68. ANS: OBJ: M.3.2.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.2 REF: p. M-84 The buoyant force is acting upward on the block of wood. DIF: L2 REF: p. M-83 OBJ: M.3.2.1 STO: 5.7.A.2 69. ANS: The weight of the displaced liquid equals the buoyant force on the block. DIF: L2 REF: p. M-84 OBJ: M.3.2.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.2 70. ANS: The buoyant force is less than the weight of the block. The buoyant force acts in an upward direction and the weight of the block acts in a downward direction. Because the weight is greater than the buoyant force, the block sinks. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-84 OBJ: M.3.2.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.2 71. ANS: Archimedes’ principle states that the buoyant force on an object equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. The block in container A is only partially submerged; the block in container B is completely submerged. Therefore, the block in container B displaces more fluid than the block in container A. Because the fluids in both containers are identical, the weight of the fluid displaced in container B has to be greater than that in container A. Therefore, the buoyant force in container A is less than the buoyant force in container B. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-84 OBJ: M.3.2.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.2 72. ANS: The density of the block in container B must be greater than the density of the block in container A. DIF: L2 REF: p. M-85 OBJ: M.3.2.2 STO: 5.3.B.1, 5.7.A.2 ESSAY 73. ANS: The woman wearing high heels exerts force over a smaller area than the woman wearing work boots. Because pressure depends on area, the woman in heels, which cover less area of the floor than work boots, exerts more pressure on the floor. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-75 OBJ: M.3.1.1 STO: 5.7.A.2, 5.3.B.1 74. ANS: Because water pressure increases with depth, the pressure of water on the bubbles at the depth of the scuba diver is greater than the pressure near the surface. So as the bubbles rise, the pressure on them decreases and they expand. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-79 OBJ: M.3.1.3 STO: 5.7.A.2 75. ANS: Shaking up the carbonated beverage increases its pressure. When the can is opened, gas and liquid escape rapidly, until the pressure inside the can becomes equal to the pressure outside the can. DIF: L3 76. ANS: REF: p. M-77 OBJ: M.3.1.2 STO: 5.7.A.2 The light push on the lever causes a small piston to exert pressure on the liquid in the hydraulic system. The pressure is exerted equally throughout the system. The liquid exerts this pressure on a larger piston, which is attached to the chair seat. Because the piston has a large surface area, the pressure creates a larger force on it. This force is large enough to lift the piston, the attached chair, and the person in the chair. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-92 OBJ: M.3.3.1 STO: 5.7.A.1, 5.2.A.2, 5.2.B.2 77. ANS: The weight of the block is 2.0 N. Because the block is floating (partially submerged), the weight of the block equals the buoyant force on it. According to Archimedes’ principle, the buoyant force is the weight of the fluid displaced, which is 2.0 N. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-84 OBJ: M.3.2.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.7.A.2 78. ANS: Blowing across the paper causes the air on top of the paper to travel faster than the air beneath it. The slowermoving air beneath the paper exerts upward pressure on the paper that is greater than the downward pressure caused by the faster-moving air on top of the paper. The greater upward pressure causes a net unbalanced force on the paper, which lifts it. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-96 OBJ: M.3.4.1 STO: 5.2.A.3, 5.1.B.1, 5.1.A.3 79. ANS: When the curvature of the wing increases, air moving across the top of the wing moves more rapidly. Also, the air under the wing encounters increased resistance and moves more slowly than when the flap is straight. The increased difference in speed between the air above the wing and the air below the wing will help to cause an increased lift on the wing. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-97 OBJ: M.3.4.2 STO: 5.2.B.2, 5.7.A.2, 5.7.A.1 80. ANS: The density of the plastic is greater than 1.00 g/cm3 because the bead sinks in the water, but less than 1.26 g/cm3 because it floats in the glycerin. DIF: L3 REF: p. M-85 OBJ: M.3.2.2 STO: 5.3.B.1, 5.7.A.2