Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Exchange rate wikipedia , lookup
Fear of floating wikipedia , lookup
Global financial system wikipedia , lookup
Helicopter money wikipedia , lookup
Monetary policy wikipedia , lookup
Modern Monetary Theory wikipedia , lookup
Quantitative easing wikipedia , lookup
Great Recession in Russia wikipedia , lookup
Interest rate wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 1 Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets? 19-1 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Preview • To examine how financial markets such as bond, stock and foreign exchange markets work • To examine how financial institutions such as banks, investment and insurance companies work • To examine the role of money in the economy 1-2 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives • Recognize the importance of financial markets in the economy. • Describe how financial intermediation and financial innovation affect banking and the economy. • Identify the basic links among monetary policy, the business cycle, and economic variables. • Explain the importance of exchange rates in a global economy. 1-3 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Why Study Financial Markets? • Financial markets are markets in which funds are transferred from people and firms who have an excess of available funds to people and firms who have a need of funds 1-4 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. The Bond Market and Interest Rates • A security (financial instrument) is a claim on the issuer’s future income or assets. • A bond is a debt security that promises to make payments periodically for a specified period of time. • An interest rate is the cost of borrowing or the price paid for the rental of funds. 1-5 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Figure 1 Interest Rates on Selected Bonds, 1950–2014 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, FRED database: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2 1-6 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. The Stock Market • Common stock represents a share of ownership in a corporation. • A share of stock is a claim on the residual earnings and assets of the corporation. 1-7 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Figure 2 Stock Prices as Measured by the Dow Jones Industrial Average, 1950–2014 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, FRED database: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2 1-8 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Why Study Financial Institutions and Banking? • Financial intermediaries: institutions that borrow funds from people who have saved and in turn make loans to other people. – Banks: accept deposits and make loans – Other financial institutions: insurance companies, finance companies, pension funds, mutual funds and investment companies • Financial innovation: the development of new financial products and services – Can be an important force for good by making the financial system more efficient 1-9 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Why Study Financial Institutions and Banking? • Financial crises: major disruptions in financial markets that are characterized by sharp declines in asset prices and the failures of many financial and nonfinancial firms. 1-10 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Why Study Money and Monetary Policy? • Evidence suggests that money plays an important role in generating business cycles. • Recessions (unemployment) and expansions affect all of us. • Monetary theory ties changes in the money supply to changes in aggregate economic activity and the price level. 1-11 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Money, Business Cycles, and Inflation • The aggregate price level is the average price of goods and services in an economy • A continual rise in the price level (inflation) affects all economic players • Data shows a connection between the money supply and the price level 1-12 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Figure 3 Money Growth (M2 Annual Rate) and the Business Cycle in the United States 1950–2014 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, FRED database: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2 1-13 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Figure 4 Aggregate Price Level and the Money Supply in the United States, 1950–2014 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, FRED database: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2 1-14 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Figure 5 Average Inflation Rate Versus Average Rate of Money Growth, Selected Countries, 2003-2013 Source: International Financial Statistics. http://www.imf.org/external/data.htm 1-15 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Money and Interest Rates • Interest rates are the price of money • Prior to 1980, the rate of money growth and the interest rate on long-term Treasury bonds were closely tied • Since then, the relationship is less clear but the rate of money growth is still an important determinant of interest rates 1-16 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Figure 6 Money Growth (M2 Annual Rate) and Interest Rates (Long-Term U.S. Treasury Bonds), 1950–2014 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, FRED database: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2 1-17 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy • Monetary policy is the management of the money supply and interest rates – Conducted in the U.S. by the Federal Reserve System (Fed) • Fiscal policy deals with government spending and taxation – Budget deficit is the excess of expenditures over revenues for a particular year – Budget surplus is the excess of revenues over expenditures for a particular year – Any deficit must be financed by borrowing 1-18 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Figure 7 Government Budget Surplus or Deficit as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product, 1950–2013 Source: Economic Report of the President, Table B79 at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/eop/tables09.html 1-19 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. US Debt Clock.org The Foreign Exchange Market • The foreign exchange market: where funds are converted from one currency into another • The foreign exchange rate is the price of one currency in terms of another currency. • The foreign exchange market determines the foreign exchange rate. 1-20 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Figure 8 Exchange Rate of the U.S. Dollar, 1970–2014 Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, FRED database: http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2 1-21 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. The International Financial System • Financial markets have become increasingly integrated throughout the world. • The international financial system has tremendous impact on domestic economies: – How a country’s choice of exchange rate policy affect its monetary policy? – How capital controls impact domestic financial systems and therefore the performance of the economy? – Which should be the role of international financial institutions like the IMF? 1-22 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. How We Will Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets • A simplified approach to the demand for assets • The concept of equilibrium • Basic supply and demand to explain behavior in financial markets • The search for profits • An approach to financial structure based on transaction costs and asymmetric information • Aggregate supply and demand analysis 1-23 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Appendix 1: Defining Aggregate Output, Income, the Price Level, and the Inflation Rate 1-24 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Aggregate Output and Aggregate Income • Aggregate Output – Gross Domestic Product (GDP) = market value of all final goods and services produced in the domestic economy during a particular year • Aggregate Income – Total income of the factors of production (land, capital, labor) during a particular year • Distinction Between Nominal and Real – Nominal = values measured using current prices – Real = quantities measured with constant prices 1-25 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Aggregate Price Level Aggregate price level is a measure of average prices in the economy One measure of the price level is the GDP Deflator nominal GDP GDP Deflator = real GDP Another measure is the Consumer Price Index (CPI) The CPI is a measure of the average change over time in the prices paid by urban consumers for a market basket of goods and services 1-26 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Growth Rates and the Inflation Rate A growth rate is the percentage change in a variable x t - x t-1 Growth rate = (100) x t-1 $9.5 trillion - $9 trillion GDP growth rate = (100) = 5.6% $9 trillion 113 - 111 Inflation rate = (100) = 1.8% 111 1-27 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. 1-28 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Q1 Markets in which funds are transferred from those who have excess funds available to those who have a shortage of funds are called A)fund-available markets. B)derivative exchange markets. C)commodity markets. D)financial markets. 1-29 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Q7 Banks are important to the study of money and the economy because they A)channel funds from investors to savers. B)create inflation. C)have been a source of rapid financial innovation. D)are the only important financial institutions in the U.S. economy. 1-30 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Q10 ___________ theory relates the quantity of money and monetary policy to changes in aggregate economic activity and inflation. A)Financial B)Systemic C)Monetary D)Fiscal 1-31 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Chapter 1:Q11 Which of the following is a true statement? A)The aggregate price level is measured as the rate of change in the inflation rate. B)The inflation rate is measured as the rate of change in the federal government budget deficit. C)The average price of goods and services in an economy is called the aggregate price level. D)Money or the money supply is defined as Federal Reserve notes. 1-32 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved. Chapter 1: Q12 Countries that experience very high rates of inflation may also have A)balanced budget. B)rapid growing money supplies. C)constant money supplies. D)falling money supplies. 1-33 © 2016 Pearson Education Ltd. All rights reserved.