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The Catholic Counter Reformation The Religious Situation in Europe c. 1560 Catholic Counter Reformation • The Spread of Protestantism – By mid-sixteenth century, Lutheranism had become established in Germany and Scandinavia – Calvinism had similarly taken root in Switzerland, France, the Netherlands, Scotland, and eastern Europe – In England, Henry VIII’s split with the Catholic Church had resulted in the creation of the Church of England (Anglican) • Stopping the Spread of Protestantism was now a significant problem for the Catholic Church Catholic Counter-Reformation • To combat {fight} the spread of Protestantism the Catholic Church too several important actions – Pope Paul III worked hard to repair the Spiritual split that had lead to the protestant Reformation by appointing devout and well educated men as Bishops and Cardinals – Pope Paul III also brought the Inquisition {trial court} to Rome and began to prosecute heretics {protestants} • The Inquisition could apply torture and other harsh punishments, which provided visible examples and punishments; intended not only remove Protestant Heretics but to keep Catholics from joining the Protestant Faith – Pope IV established the Index of Forbidden Books in 1559 to prevent Catholics from reading books the Catholic Church found harmful to the faith or the morals of Catholics • This was somewhat ineffective because the printing press had made books so available that the church could not stop the spread of the information contained in them. The Catholic Counter Reformation – The Calling of the Council of Trent • This meeting of Church officials was called by Pope Paul III in 1545 – The purpose of the Council of Trent was to deal with the corrupt polices which had lead to the Protestant Reformation – The Council of Trent lead to the following outcomes: » Scripture and Tradition were affirmed {approved} as equal authorities in religious matters » The belief that only the church could interpret scripture was retained {kept} » The belief that good works and faith was retained as necessary for salvation » The seven Catholic Sacraments remained unchanged » The selling of Indulgences was prohibited » Belief in purgatory was retained » The power of the Pope was increased and his authority was supreme » Celibacy for Priest was retained » Marriage had to be performed in front of a Priest and witnesses to be legal The Catholic Counter Reformation – The creation of the Jesuits • This new religious order for men was founded by Ignatius Loyola and recognized by the Pope in 1540 – The Jesuits purpose was as follows: » to use education to achieve the goal of containing the spread of Protestantism • Missionaries were sent into Germany and Eastern Europe to restore the Catholic Faith and they were very successful • Jesuit Universities were founded to teach humanist values as well as Catholic doctrine to produce better educated supporters of the Catholic Church • Missionaries were sent to China, Japan, Latin America and Canada to convert the native people to Catholicism The French Civil War (Religious War) Religious and Political Divisions of France c. 1585-1598 The Valois Family: The Beginning of the End Henri II was the last powerful Valois Three weak sons followed: Francis II Charles IX Henri III Catherine de Medici controlled the sons: Was mother to the boys Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty Left Henry III of France Above: Charles IX of France Right: Catherine Medici (Mother of Charles IX and Henry III Above: Henry IV of France Left: Henry Guise The French Civil War There were two sides: Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Protestant Huguenots in South Fighting for the royal inheritance Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre The French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons. Catholic League CIVIL WAR Protestant Union Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France. Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons Henry IV of France • • • • • • Henry IV (was King of France from 1589 to 1610 and king of Navarre from 1572 to 1610. He was the first Bourbon monarch As a Protestant (Huguenot), Henry was involved in the Wars of Religion before ascending the throne in 1589. Before his coronation as King of France he changed his faith from Calvinism to Catholicism In 1598, he enacted the Edict of Nantes which guaranteed religious liberties to the Protestants.. One of the most popular French kings, both during and after his reign, Henry showed great care for the welfare of his subjects and displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the time. He was assassinated by a fanatical Catholic, Francois Ravaillac in 1610 The Edict of Nantes 1598 • The Edict of Nantes, issued on 13 April 1598, by Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) freedom to practice their religion in those area’s where they were the majority population • With the Edict, Henry IV promoted civil unity – The Edit opened a path for secularism and tolerance in France. • It marked the end of the religious wars that had afflicted France during the second half of the 16th century. • This Edict was never intended to be a long term solution and over time it held less power and was ultimately revoked by King Louis XIV of France Francis I of France Catherine Medici Francis II of France & Mary Stuart Marguerite Sister of Francis I of France (Queen of Navarre) Marguerite Valois Royal Consort of Henry IV Henry IV of France Henry II of France Elizabeth Valois Queen of Spain Charles IX of France Henry III of France Joan of Navarre Louis XIII of France The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) The Hapsburgs 1618-1648 Ferdinand I • • • • Ferdinand I was a monarch from the House of Habsburg. He was Holy Roman Emperor from 1558 and king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526 He ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs most of his public life, at the behest of his elder brother Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The key events during his reign were: – His wars with the Ottoman Empire – the Protestant Reformation and the 30 years War The Thirty Years War Begins • Ferdinand I and the Hapsburg Family supported the Catholic Church – In 1547 the Bohemian Estates rebelled against Ferdinand after he had ordered the Bohemian army to move against the German Protestants. • in 1617, Ferdinand was duly elected by the Bohemian estates to become the Crown Prince. • Ferdinand then sent two Catholic councilors (as his representatives in Bohemia. According to legend, the _Bohemian Hussites suddenly seized them, subjected them to a mock trial, and threw them out of the palace window, which was some 50 feet off the ground. Remarkably, they survived unharmed. • The religious conflict eventually spread across the whole continent of Europe, involving France, Sweden, and a number of other countries. – Ferdinand was a supporter of the Counter Reformation and helped lead the Catholic response against what he saw as the heretical tide of Protestantism. Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. The Bohemians hated him. Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants. Defenestration of Prague May, 1618 Bohemia named a new king, Frederick II. The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622 Ferdinand II becomes Holy Roman Emperor. Frederick II borrowed an army from Bavaria. Frederick lost his lands in the fighting. The rebellion in Bohemia inspired others. Thirty Years War Characteristics of the Thirty Years War The Holy Roman Empire (Germany) was the battleground. At the beginning it was the Catholics vs. the Protestants. At the end it was Habsburg power that was threatened by the French Cardinal Richelieu The War was resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. Bohemian Phase The Danish Phase: 1625-1629 Ferdinand II tried to end all resistance. Tried to crush Protestant northern Holy Roman Empire. Ferdinand II used Albrecht von Wallenstein for the army. Wallenstein defeated Protestants in north. Edict of Restitution (1629): Restored to Catholics all lands lost since 1552. Deprived all Protestants, except Lutherans, of their religious and political rights. German princes feared Ferdinand he fired Wallenstein in effort to calm them. Danish Phase The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635 France & Sweden now get involved. Both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge. France provided support. French Cardinal Richelieu made the changed the purpose of the war from Religion to Political Power in an attempt to limit the Hapsburg Family influence in Europe while making France more powerful Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HR Empire. At first the Swedish were successful but the death of Gustavus Adolphus led to their withdrawal form the war Swedish Phase The French Phase: 1635-1648 France & Sweden switched roles. All countries in Europe now participated. This phase was most destructive! German towns decimated. Agriculture collapsed famine resulted. 8 Million People Dead 1/3 of the population [from 21 million in 1618 to 13.5 million in 1648] Caused massive inflation. Trade was crippled throughout Europe. Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War The Peace of Westphalia (1648) Political Provisions: Each Ger. prince became free from any kind of control by the HR Emperor. The United Provinces [Dutch Neths.] became officially independent so. part remained a Sp. possession. Fr. rcvd. most of the Ger-speaking province of Alsace. Sweden got lands in No. Ger. on the Baltic & Black Sea coasts. Switzerland became totally independent of the HR Emperor Swiss Confederation. Sweden won a voice in the Diet of the HR Emp. Brandenburg got important terrs. on No. Sea & in central Germany. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) Religious Provisions: Calvinists would have the same privileges as the Lutherans had in the Peace of Augsburg. The Ruler of each state could determine its official religion, but in the hereditary lands of the Hapsburgs freedom of private worship must be permitted 1688-1700 Nobody Was Happy! Many Protestants felt betrayed. The Pope denounced it. Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable! For the next few centuries, this war was For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe. Art Images reflect the different views taken by Protestants and Catholics • The disparity between Protestant and Catholic art sprang from two divergent world views which were revealed in the art each group produced: – Once the Reformation began, Protestant leaders such as Huldreich Zwingli and John Calvin encouraged iconoclastic1 movements, which denounced Catholic imagery as idolatrous and called for its destruction. However, the Protestants did not condemn all art – In response to the threat of Protestantism Pope Paul III summoned church leaders to the Council of Trent, which convened periodically between 1545 and 1563. • This council succeeded in instituting some reforms in the Catholic Church, including the prohibition of the sale of indulgences. • It also firmly reasserted many Catholic doctrines and took a more aggressive stance toward "heresy." • This led to the Catholic Counter-Reformation which cracked down on any hint of "heresy" and created institutions such as the Universal Inquisition to strictly enforce adherence to the Catholic faith. – This severity regulated the arts, forcing the Catholic painters of the South to return to the medieval tradition of producing strictly religious art, which greatly distinguished them from the Protestant painters of the North. Art During the Reformation Peter Breughel ‘The Wedding Feast” Northern European • While Protestant artists occasionally painted scenes from the Bible, they often painted ordinary people performing every-day activities.5 Sometimes they even portrayed simple scenes from nature Art during the Reformation • Artists in Catholic Southern Europe during the CounterReformation. – Painted with realism but did not paint common scenes. • Instead they graphically portrayed the martyrdom of ideal-looking saints and painted the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ as ideal humans. Their paintings glorified Catholic Traditions, the sacraments, and the saints. Art during the Reformation • Clearly, the content of their work contrasted strongly with that of the northern Protestants' work. • The main issue that the two groups disagreed on was the nature of the human relationship with God. – Protestant Reformers believed that man could come directly to God through the finished work of Christ (because, as the great Reformer Martin Luther pointed out, all Christians are priests). – Catholic Church saw a need for intermediaries, such as the saints and the Virgin Mary. As a result, Catholics of the time made images of the saints, of Mary, and of Jesus. (They gave reverence to the images because they believed these images would bring them closer to God). Art during the Reformation • Another issue also held significance in the shaping of the different types of art. This issue was the division of the “sacred" and the “secular." – Protestants artist saw this division was artificial. • God created people in His image, and all of our activities should be done to His glory and that an ordinary life could glorify God just as much as a “Saintly” life – Catholics of the Counter-Reformation, however, believed that art had to have religious or "sacred" content • Life must emulate the people of the Bible and as a result, the Catholic artists produced radically different art than the Protestants. Art of the Catholic Counter-Reformation Art of the Protestant Reformation Quick Quiz 1. While art of the Reformation often depicted every-day objects and activities, the art of the Counter-Reformation did which of the following? A. Pictured only non-religious subjects. B. Depicted some religious and some non-religious themes, just like Protestant art. C. Was painted with air brushes. D. Focused exclusively on religious subjects, such as the saints, the Virgin Mary, and Jesus Christ. 2. Which Catholic practice sparked the Protestant iconoclastic movement? A. Confession. B. The veneration of images. C. Communion. D. Infant Baptism. 3. Differing views on what issue affected Protestant and Catholic art? A. The division of the sacred and the secular. B. The type of clothes that monks should wear. C. The order of events in church service. D. The type of food to eat during Lent.