Download Circulatory System PPT

Slide 1
___________________________________
BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
___________________________________
Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
___________________________________
CHAPTER 23
Circulation
___________________________________
___________________________________
Modules 23.1 – 23.3
___________________________________
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 2
___________________________________
• Function of the circulatory system
• Transport oxygen, hormones, and nutrients to
the cells
• Transport carbon dioxide and wastes away
from the cells
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 3
• The cardiovascular system of land vertebrates
has two circuits
Lung capillaries
___________________________________
• The pulmonary circuit
___________________________________
PULMONARY
CIRCUIT
• The systemic circuit
– carries blood between
the heart and the rest
of the body
A
___________________________________
A
V
Right
___________________________________
V
Left
SYSTEMIC
CIRCUIT
Systemic capillaries
___________________________________
Figure 23.3B
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 4
___________________________________
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
___________________________________
Pulmonary
artery
Superior
vena cava
LEFT
ATRIUM
RIGHT
ATRIUM
___________________________________
Pulmonary
veins
Pulmonary
veins
Semilunar
valve
___________________________________
Semilunar
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
Atrioventricular
valve
___________________________________
Inferior
vena cava
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
LEFT
VENTRICLE
Figure 23.4A
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 5
THE MAMMALIAN CARDIOVACULAR SYSTEM
23.4 The human heart and cardiovascular system
typify those of mammals
• The mammalian heart has two thin-walled atria
that receive
• The thick-walled ventricles pump blood
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 6
7
Superior
vena cava
Capillaries
of right lung
___________________________________
Capillaries of
Head and arms
Pulmonary
artery
Pulmonary
artery
Aorta
9
___________________________________
Capillaries
of left lung
6
2
3
___________________________________
3
4
11
Pulmonary
vein
Pulmonary
vein
5
1
LEFT ATRIUM
RIGHT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE
LEFT VENTRICLE
10
Aorta
Inferior
vena cava
___________________________________
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and legs
8
___________________________________
Figure 23.4B
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 7
23.6 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically
• Diastole
1 Heart is
2 Atria
relaxed.
AV valves
are open.
contract.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
• Systole
– The atria briefly
contract and fill the
ventricles with blood
– Then the ventricles
contract and propel
blood out
SYSTOLE
0.1 sec
0.3 sec
3 Ventricles
contract.
Semilunar
valves
are open.
0.4 sec
DIASTOLE
Figure 23.6
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 8
___________________________________
• Heart valves prevent backflow
___________________________________
• Cardiac output
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 9
23.7 The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat
___________________________________
• The SA node (pacemaker) generates electrical
signals that trigger the contraction of the atria
___________________________________
• The AV node then relays these signals to the
ventricles
___________________________________
___________________________________
Specialized
muscle fibers
AV node
Pacemaker
(SA node)
Right
atrium
___________________________________
Right
ventricle
1
2
ECG
3
4
Figure 23.7
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 10
___________________________________
Control of the heartbeat
• The heart’s pumping rhythm is controlled by
the pacemaker or sinoatrial (S-A) node
___________________________________
___________________________________
– Generates an electrical signal that spreads
through the atria causing them to contract
– Signal spreads rapidly over both ventricles and
they contract
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 11
Control of the Heartbeat
___________________________________
• The brain also influences heart rate
___________________________________
– Control centers in the brain
– Send signals to SA node or AV node
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 12
23.8 Connection: What is a heart attack?
___________________________________
• A heart attack is
___________________________________
___________________________________
Aorta
Right
coronary
artery
___________________________________
Left
coronary
artery
Blockage
___________________________________
Dead muscle tissue
Figure 23.8A
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 13
___________________________________
Epithelium
___________________________________
Valve
Basement
membrane
Epithelium
Epithelium
Smooth
muscle
Smooth
muscle
CAPILLARY
Connective
tissue
___________________________________
Connective
tissue
ARTERY
VEIN
___________________________________
___________________________________
VENULE
ARTERIOLE
Figure 23.5
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 14
___________________________________
Blood Vessels
Arteries
___________________________________
• Thick, muscular walls
___________________________________
• Greater blood pressure
Veins
___________________________________
• Less musclular and thicker than arteries
___________________________________
• Less blood pressure
• Many have valves
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 15
23.1 The circulatory system associates intimately
with all body tissues
___________________________________
• Capillaries are microscopic blood vessels
___________________________________
– They form an intricate network among the tissue
cells
___________________________________
___________________________________
Capillary
___________________________________
Red
blood
cell
Figure 23.1A
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 16
– No substance has to diffuse far to enter or leave
a cell
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Capillary
___________________________________
Diffusion of
molecules
INTERSTITIAL
FLUID
___________________________________
Tissue
cell
Figure 23.1B
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 17
23.12 Capillaries allow the transfer of substances
through their walls
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Figure 23.12A
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 18
___________________________________
Tissue cells
Osmotic
pressure
Arterial
end of
capillary
Blood
pressure
Osmotic
pressure
Venous
end of
capillary
___________________________________
Blood
pressure
___________________________________
INTERSTITIAL
FLUID
NET PRESSURE
OUT
NET PRESSURE
IN
___________________________________
Figure 23.12B
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 19
• The transfer of materials between the blood and
interstitial fluid can occur by
– leakage through clefts in the capillary walls
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
– blood pressure
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 20
___________________________________
Withdraw
blood
Centrifuge
___________________________________
Place in tube
PLASMA 55%
CONSTITUENT
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Water
Solvent for
carrying other
substances
Salts
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering, and
regulation of
membrane
permeability
CELLULAR ELEMENTS 45%
CELL TYPE
NUMBER
FUNCTIONS
(per mm3 of blood)
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells)
5–6 million
Leukocytes
(white blood cells) 5,000–10,000
Transport of
oxygen
(and carbon
dioxide)
Defense and
immunity
Plasma proteins
Albumin
Fibrinogen
Immunoglobins
(antibodies)
Osmotic balance,
pH buffering
Clotting
Immunity
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Neutrophil
Platelets
___________________________________
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Substances transported by blood
Nutrients (e.g., glucose, fatty acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones
___________________________________
250,000–
400,000
___________________________________
Blood clotting
Figure 23.13
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
___________________________________
Slide 21
Composition of Blood
___________________________________
Blood is composed of
• Plasma – liquid composed of water (90%) and
dissolved salts, proteins, and other substances
• Cellular elements –
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 22
23.14 Red blood cells transport oxygen
___________________________________
• Red blood cells contain
hemoglobin
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Figure 23.14
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 23
23.15 White blood cells help defend the body
___________________________________
• White blood cells function both inside and
outside the circulatory system
___________________________________
___________________________________
Basophil
Eosinophil
___________________________________
Monocyte
Neutrophil
___________________________________
Lymphocyte
Figure 23.15
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 24
23.16 Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are
injured
___________________________________
• When a blood vessel
is damaged, platelets
respond
___________________________________
___________________________________
– They help trigger the
formation of an
insoluble fibrin clot
that plugs the leak
___________________________________
___________________________________
Figure 23.16B
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 25
TRANSPORT OF GASES IN THE BODY
22.10 Blood transports the respiratory gases, with
hemoglobin carrying the oxygen
• The heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the
lungs
– In the lungs it picks up O2 and drops off CO2
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
– In the tissues, cells pick up CO2 and drop off O2
___________________________________
– Gases diffuse down pressure gradients in the
lungs and the tissues
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 26
___________________________________
• Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells
– It helps buffer the pH of blood and carries some
CO2
Heme
group
Iron
atom
O2 loaded
in lungs
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
O2
O2 unloaded
in tissues
O2
___________________________________
Polypeptide chain
Figure 22.10B
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 27
• Most CO2 in the blood
combines with water to
form carbonic acid
– The carbonic acid
breaks down to form
H+ ions and
bicarbonate ions
– These help buffer the
blood
___________________________________
INTERSTITIAL CO
2
FLUID
BLOOD
PLASMA
WITHIN
CAPILLARY
Capillary
wall
CO2
___________________________________
CO2
H2O
RED
BLOOD
CELL
H2CO3
Carbonic acid
HCO3–
+
Bicarbonate
HCO3–
Figure 22.11A
___________________________________
TISSUE CELL
CO2 produced
H+
Hemoglobin
picks up
CO2 and H+
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 28
___________________________________
ALVEOLAR SPACE IN LUNG
• Most CO2 is
transported to the
lungs in the form of
bicarbonate ions
CO2
___________________________________
CO2
CO2
___________________________________
CO2
H2O
Hemoglobin
releases
CO2 and H+
H2CO3
HCO3–
+
___________________________________
___________________________________
H+
___________________________________
HCO3–
Figure 22.11B
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 29
23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls
___________________________________
• Blood pressure depends on
___________________________________
___________________________________
– resistance of vessels
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 30
23.10 Connection: Measuring blood pressure can
reveal cardiovascular problems
___________________________________
• Blood pressure is measured as systolic and
diastolic pressures
___________________________________
___________________________________
Blood pressure
120 systolic
80 diastolic
(to be
measured)
Pressure
in cuff
above
120
Rubber
cuff
inflated
with air
Artery
1
Pressure
in cuff
below
120
Sounds
audible in
stethoscope
Artery
closed
2
Pressure
in cuff
below 80
3
Sounds
stop
4
Figure 23.10
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________
Slide 31
• Hypertension is persistent systolic pressure
higher than 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic
pressure higher than 90 mm Hg
– It is a serious cardiovascular problem
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
___________________________________