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Middle-Eastern Civilizations 3500 BCE – 395 CE Mesopotamia and Egypt Unit outcomes: Number 1 Students should be able to: Identify the geographic factors which encouraged settlement in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the Nile. Number 2 Students should be able to: Identify those factors which characterized the governments of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Number 3 Students should be able to: Demonstrate an understanding of the role of law in society and the contribution of the early civilizations to this development. Number 4 Students should be able to: Describe the role of religion in the civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Number 5 Students should be able to: Describe the social structure Mesopotamian and Egyptian society Number 6 Students should be able to: Analyze the influence of technological innovations on the lives of the Egyptians and Mesopotamians. Number 7 Students should be able to: Demonstrate an understanding of the role of writing in the development of civilization. Number 8 Students should be able to: Identify examples of cultural diffusion in Mesopotamia and Egypt. Number 9 Students should be able to: Identify the contribution to civilizations of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians. Number 10 Students should be able to: Identify the methods used by archaeologists to reconstruct the past. Questions to consider: • What makes a person “civilized”? • What characteristics make a larger group of people a civilization? Civilization: An advanced state of human society, in which there is a high level of culture, science, industry and government. Welcome to Mesopotamia Unit 1 Chapter 2,3,4,5 Page 34 to 121 Mesopotamia and Egypt 1. Overview 2. Geography 3. Government 4. Law 5. Religion 6. Social Organization 7. Technology 8. Writing 9. Cultural Diffusion 10. Contributions Development and Power • Over 4,000 years 4 different civilizations controlled Mesopotamia each expanding, developing and contributing in many areas of civilization: • The Sumerians 3500 – 1900 BCE • The Babylonians 1900 – 1300 BCE • The Assyrians 1300 – 609 BCE • The Chaldeans 609-530 BCE Development and Power All early civilizations began as small farming villages and over time developed into larger communities. As they grew the communities needed to develop in a number of areas in order to survive and continue to grow. We will look at the key contributions made by the 4 civilizations in Mesopotamia. What are the Advantages of Settling Near a River? • Source for drinking and bathing. • Flow can be diverted to irrigate crops • Annual flooding creates fertile soil for farming • Useful for transportation • Enables trade Important Rivers for early civilizations: •Indus River: India •Yangtze River: China •Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Mesopotamia •Nile River: Egypt Geography • Mesopotamia was one of the first civilizations of the world. • Its name means: “The Land Between the Rivers.” Meso = middle, potamos = river • The two rivers are the Tigris and the Euphrates. The Ancient Middle East: Mesopotamia Define: Fertile- Crescent- Mesopotamia the Fertile Crescent • An arc of land that stretches between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf • Contains rich soil to grow abundant crops. • Which can sustain a large population • Allowed the inhabitants to develop large civilizations Fill in the map from information in text page 46 Figure 210. Mesopotamian Religion • Sumerians as well as other Mesopotamian civilizations, were Polytheistic • Polytheism – Belief in many gods • Monotheism – Belief in one god • Different gods were in charge of different things • An - god of heaven • Enlil - god of air • Enki – god of water and fertility • People tried to please the gods by making offerings in Ziggurats – terraced buildings (some would say pyramids) topped with a shrine. • Believed in an afterlife which consisted of spending eternity as a ghost in a gloomy underworld. Ziggurat of Ur • Made of mud brick • Shrine at the very top • Place for sacrifices and offerings • Priests would perform rites and rituals • Ziggurats were often the center of a city Mesopotamian Social Organization The King • The King - Acted as god on earth • Priests - Direct link with the gods, distributed land, ran schools • Scribes - Educated class, literate • Merchants and Artisans - Traders & craftspeople • Common People - farmers • Slaves - Captured prisoners; Debtors (or debtor’s family members) *Had no rights Priests Scribes Merchants and Artisans Common People Slaves Sumer Sumerian Government • Sumerian Kings were called Lugals who reigned supreme over all aspects of life. • Lugals considered themselves living representatives of particular Gods on earth. • Power was passed from father to son, forming Dynasties • The type of government therefore is called a Theocracy • No separation between Government (state) and Religion. Empire building • The Sumerians were the smallest of the 4 rulers of Mesopotamia • When the Sumerians conquered a city state it was forced to accept their new king as ruler. • The King would put a governor in place to oversee the new states operation. The Sumerians The Sumerians appeared between the Tigris and the Euphrates around 3500 BCE. They contributed to their civilization with many new concepts and inventions… most are still very important to us today. Irrigation The Wheel Math: A system based on the number 60. (60 minutes to an hour; 360 degrees to a circle.) Writing: Cuneiform (wedge shaped) 1. Pictograms (things) 2. Ideograms (ideas) 3. Phonograms (sounds) Write your name.(cool Tattoo???) http://youtu.be/u7JsfwAcCo0 Other Sumerian Inventions: • Pottery wheel • the sail • the pick-axe • 12 month calendar • Arches, columns, ramps • beer • Poem: Gilgamesh (about man & Gods) Sumerian knowledge check! •Lugals •Dynasties •Theocracy •Name 3-5 important inventions Babylonia The Babylonians •Conquered Sumer and surrounding areas, established a huge empire that lasted from 1900 BCE to 1300 BCE. •Their most significant ruler was King Hammurabi. •Upon Hammurabi’s death Babylonians lost their power and the area was again divided into small city-states. The Code of Hammurabi • World’s first instance of codified law • Inscribed on a stele (a stone or wooden slab) • Contained 282 laws • 3,600 lines of Cuneiform • Harsh punishment • Distinguished from major & minor offenses. • State was the authority. Hammurabi’s Code •Key Concepts: •Retribution •Restitution •Corporal Punishment •Capital Punishment •Trade, family, labor, real estate, & property. •Eye for an Eye, Tooth for a Tooth. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDALXORbtR4 Law & Order • The Babylonians under King Hammurabi greatly improved justice with the first codified laws. Read about Hammurabi and his Code of Law, page 50 1. What laws are seem fair? Why? 2. What laws seem unfair? Why? 3. Restitution and Retribution are key concepts in Hammurabi’s code, and also in modern law. List laws in Hammurabi’s code that are examples of each. Assyria The Assyrians •Assyria – Northern Mesopotamia. •Ruled from 1300 BCE to 609 BCE •Fierce warriors: showed no mercy – often tortured/killed prisoners. •Their military strength can be attributed to: • The development of iron weapons • Specialization of military units – including the use of cavalry (horses) • Study of battle tactics and techniques • Use of mercenaries Chaldea The Chaldeans • 609 BCE – 530 BCE • Babylon became an important city-state once again. • Famous King Nebuchadnezzar conquered Jerusalem among other city states, takes Jewish prisoners (as slaves) back to Babylon. • In the Bible he is known as a warrior king, yet many historians feel he should be remembered as a great builder. • Created beautiful city of Babylon • Eventually fell to Persia (King Cyrus) Everyday life • Father was “master” or “owner” of wife and children. • Women could own land and run their own business, they could not vote or rule. • Marriages were arranged and the brides father provided a dowry. • Monogamy was the rule although some men took concubines. • Wealthy children went to school lower class children learned trades. Assignment: Read page 58 to 61 and answer any 3 of the Reflect and Analyze questions Economy • Main crops: barley, dates, sesame seeds • 1/3 of the harvest went to the god of their city state, 1/3 went to the King, 1/3 left for the farmer • Small boats made of reeds and goatskins called keleks were used travel the rivers and conduct trade • Barter system was popular. Grain often used as money • Coins were developed, often made of silver • The Shekel weighed the same as 180 grains of barley and was worth about the same. • The Mina = 60 Shekels • The Talent = 60 minas. Group Project (Groups of 5) 15marks per student • Assign one of the following to each group member. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Government/Law Religion Social Organization Technology Writing Geography • Each group member will research and be prepared to explain their topic to individuals in the class. • You may use models, diagrams, drawings, posters etc. • You must have at least 5 keys points ready to teach to the class and to hand in. Group project presentation marking rubric Points Display; model, poster etc. 5 key teaching points well explained Knowledge of topic, and ability to explain Total 5 4 3 2 1