Download urban patterns chapter 12

URBANIZATION
“Cities have always been
the fireplaces of
civilization, whence light
and heat radiated out into
the dark, cold world.”
- Theodore Parker
Suburbanization
Infrastructure
Edge city
Planned communities
Central-place theory
World cities
Primate city
Bid-rent theory
CBD (central business district)
Zoning
Commuter zone
Ghetto
Gentrification
Postindustrial city
High-tech corridors
MEGACITIES
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Transportation
Access to water routes more
important prior to railroads
NYC, Pittsburgh, San
Francisco
Fall Line cities – NYC,
Philadelphia, Washington
DC, Richmond Va.,
Columbia SC, Columbus
Ga.
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITE – the physical
characteristics of a
specific area
Originally located for
commerce and
defense
peninsulas and
islands for earliest
cities (Venice,
Paris)
hills useful
because of
defense and
drainage (Rome)
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Access to fresh
water
domestic
consumption
level of
industrialization,
standard of
living, and
population
growth
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
Geological character
- Manhattan Island on stable bedrock
- Venice, Los Angeles, Mexico City are on
earthquake and flood plains
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
SITUATION – relative location of a place
Mumbai, India – adjacent to cotton fields
Birmingham, England – near coal deposits
Johannesburg, South Africa – centrally
located around diamond mines
Houston, Tex. – near oil fields in Gulf of
Mexico
Chicago, Ill. – major manufacturing adjacent to
Corn Belt
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBANIZATION
 SITUATION – relative location of a place
Situation can change over time –
+ discovery of new resource
+ construction of new recreational
lake
- change in transportation patterns
- agricultural areas effected by
drought
FUNCTIONS OF A CITY
Jobs and Services
 Residential
 Trade and Commerce
 Manufacturing
 Public Administration
 Personal Services
IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON
URBANIZATION
 Urbanization has nearly doubled every 50 years
since 1800
 Mechanization has brought an increased flow of
migrant labor
England was the first place in world history to have more
urban dwellers than rural dwellers (1850)
In 1800, Paris was only European city on mainland to
exceed 500,000; by end of century Paris, Berlin, Vienna,
St. Petersburg, and Moscow all over 1 million!
METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN US
JOHN BORCHERT
 Sail – Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)
Atlantic coastal communities oriented toward
Europe
Boston, NYC, Philadelphia have only small
domestic hinterlands
 Iron Horse Epoch (183-1870)
Crude national railroad network
Railroads converged with internal waterways
Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland St. Louis develop
METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN US
JOHN BORCHERT
 Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)
Rapid development of iron and steel industries
Rapid industrial growth within Northeast and
Midwest
 Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-present)
Complex highway and air transportation
Improved amenities and speed led to increase
suburban development
Sunbelt migration
Bid Rent Theory
Related to the “gravity model” and “distance decay.”
Edge Cities
• Central Place Theory
• Spatial distribution of
cities/service centers is
a hexagon w/CP in the
middle
Walter Christaller
Node
PRIMATE CITY STATUS
A country’s leading city is always is proportionately
large and exceptionally expressive of national
capacity and feeling. The primate city is commonly
at least twice as large as the next largest city and
more than twice as significant.
- Mark Jefferson
PRIMATE CITY STATUS
Not all countries have a
primate city
•India – New Delhi, Mumbai,
Kolkata, Bangalore
•China & Brazil – Beijing,
Shanghai, Sao Paulo, Rio de
Janeiro
RANK-SIZE RULE
• The second and subsequent smaller cities
should represent a proportion of the largest
city. The second city would be ½ the size
of the largest city; the third largest city
would be 1/3 of the size, etc.
- George Zipf
RANK-SIZE RULE
• Paris (2.2 million) v.
Marseilles (800,000)
•London (6.9 million) v.
Birmingham (1 million)
•Mexico City (9.8 million)
v. Guadalajara (1.7 million)
MEGALOPOLIS
• Jean Gottman (1950s)
• 300 mile stretch of BosWash
• Greek for “very large city”
• Inter-linked relationships between a variety
of culturally and political urban areas
MEGALOPOLIS
• Initially colonial settlements from the 1400’s and
grew into villages, then cities, and now urban
areas
•As time progressed, the need for tight
communication between Boston and Washington
increased dramatically
•Currently contains 17% of the country’s total
population in only 1.5% of the total area of the
country
MEGALOPOLIS
• Economic activity, transportation, commuting, and
communications linkages are most important
•Government center, banking center, media center,
academic center, immigration center, clothing
manufacturing, cultural center
•40% of all commercial international air-passenger
departures have Megalopolitan origins
•30% of American export trade passes through the ports
of Megalopolis
PRIMATE CITY of the World
• New York, New York
• The City That Never Sleeps!
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
“HE WHO HAS THE GOLD, MAKES THE RULE!”
World Systems theory
economic core
economic periphery
HDI
Globalization
international division of labor
transnational corporation
NAFTA
economic activities
commodity chains
Outsourcing
maquiladoras
Weber’s Least Cost Theory
industrial location
Bid Rent theory
time-space compression
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
Industrial Revolution – w,w,w,w,h
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES
• Location theory
helps explain the
spatial positioning of
industries and their
successes or failures
• Transportation,
labor, energy,
infrastructure costs
are all a part in the
location of heavy
industries
LOCATIONAL ADVANTAGES
• Weber’s least-cost
theory
• Growth or decline of
industries are
influenced by
political and
environmental
fluctuations
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
• Global industrial pattern dominated by the first countries
that industrialized
• Evolution of 3 economic cores and peripheries
GROWTH AND DIFFUSION
• North American
manufacturing
complex is the
largest in the
world today
• Asian Pacific
Rim is the fastest
growing
industrial region
in the world today
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
• Enormous gaps
between rich and
poor, both globally
and regionally
• Underlying
economic disparities
is a core-periphery
relationship among
different regions of
the world
LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
• 21st century opened
with some countries
stuck in the primary
sector whereas some
were pushing the
quaternary sector
• Rapid development is
usually associated with
democracy, but some
are growing under
authoritarian regimes
as well
CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS
• Spatial organization of world economy
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
• Declining cost of
transportation and
communication
led to enormous
changes in
tertiary sector in
20th century
• Technology is
accelerating the
pace of life
ECONOMIC RESTRUCTURING
• Deindustrialization
in core has led to
growth of labor
intensive
manufacturing in the
periphery
• International labor
has increased
globalization leading
to both positive and
negative impacts
QUALITY OF LIFE
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
QUALITY OF LIFE
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE &
SUSTAINABILITY
IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
& DEVELOPMENT
CRITIQUES OF MODELS
• Immanuel Wallerstein’s
World Systems Theory
Core
Semi-periphery
Periphery
CRITIQUES OF MODELS
• Alfred Weber – Least Cost
Theory
• #1 cost in industrial
location… transportation of
raw materials to factory as
well as finished product to
market
• Cost-minimizing and
Profit-maximizing theories
have their impact as well
AGRICULTURE AND
RURAL LAND USE
Agribusiness
Factory farming
Genetically modified plants
Norman Borlaug
Neolithic Agricultural Revolution
Plant domestication
Agricultural regions
Intensive subsistence agriculture
Second Agricultural Revolution
Plantation agriculture
Crop rotation
Johann Heinrich von Thunen
DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION
• NEOLITHIC
REVOLUTION –
w,w,w,w
• SECOND AG
REVOLUTION –
w,w,w,w
• THIRD AG
REVOLUTION –
w,w,w,w
AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS
• Upper SE Asian
Mainland
• Lower SE Asian
Mainland
• Eastern India
• SWA
• East African Highlands
•Meso-America
•North-Central China
•Mediterranean Basin
•Western Sudan
•Andean Highlands
•Eastern South America
AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES
• Nigerian women
spread seeds
•Slash and burn in
Peru
•Center pivot irrigation
in Oregon
AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE
ZONES
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Hunting &
Gathering
• Shifting
Cultivation
(slash-andburn)
• Pastoral
Nomadism
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Subsistence Ag
• Commercial Ag
• Mixed Crop &
Livestock
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Dairy Farming
• Grain Farming
• Livestock
Ranching
AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION
• Mediterranean Ag
• Commercial
Gardening/Fruit
Farming
• Plantation Farming
AGRICULTURAL FLOWS
• Columbian Exchange
• NAFTA
von THUNEN MODEL
• Originator of
spatial models
• Focused on
maximizing the
profit from his
agricultural lands
von THUNEN MODEL
• “Isolated state”
– no trade
connections
• Possessed only
one market
• Located centrally
in the state
• Uniform soil,
climate, level of
terrain
• All farmers lived
equal distance
from market and
had equal access
to it
• Farmers sought
maximum profits
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
von THUNEN MODEL
MODERN AG REVOLUTION
• The complex of seed and
management
improvements adapted
to the needs of intensive
agriculture that have
brought larger harvests
from a given area of
farmland
• 1965-1995, world cereal
production rose 90%,
mostly due to increased
crop yields rather than
expanding cropland
MODERN AG REVOLUTION
• 1965-1983 average yields
• Rice 52%; Wheat 66%;
MODERN AG REVOLUTION
• PEDS haven’t
slowed down –
always pushing
to find new
technologies
• Advancements
in PINGS (Mali)
has helped
delay famine
and extended
life
expectancies
MODERN AG REVOLUTION
• HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS
• New variations of seeds/plants
• Irrigation
• Mechanization
• Fertilization
• Use of pesticides
• More food
MODERN AG REVOLUTION
• Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of
land
• Ground water depletion
• Conflict between agricultural societies
and urban sprawl
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
THIRD AG REVOLUTION
• Blending of primary, secondary,
tertiary, and quaternary sectors
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
MODERN AG REVOLUTION
• Increased
mechanization
•Development
of
biotechnology
HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE
FUTURE
• Will we be able to produce enough food for
the world’s people? At what cost –
economic and environmental?