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1.
The most important factor in the development of the cell theory was the development of
microscopes by Leeuwenhoek in the late 1600’s.
2.
The cell theory states that organisms are cells that arise from existing cells.
3.
Darwin’s theory did not include gene recombination, which is credited to Mendel and his
followers.
4.
The theory of Gradualism suggests evolutionary changes and the development of new species
occurred at a gradual pace over a long time.
5.
The theory of punctuated equilibrium suggests evolutionary change was likely stable at times
mixed with rapid, sporadic changes, usually following major environmental changes.
6.
Vaccinations result in a response from the immune system similar to the process of infection.
7.
The virus responsible for AIDS destroys lymphocytes, decrease the number of T cells, blocks
the response of mast cells, and thereby decr4eases the overall immune response.
8.
An infectious organism with rapidly changing antigens (molecules that trigger an immune
response) is more dangerous because of its ability to adapt.
9.
Griffith’s experiments in transformation used heat-killed virulent strains of Pneumococcus
bacteria with living, non-virulent strains to show that the heat-killed bacteria could transform
the non-virulent bacteria into a form that could infect the mice.
10. Avery’s experiments explained Griffith’s transformation discovery by stating that DNA from
virulent strain S changed the physical makeup of non-virulent strain R.
11. Hershey and Chase conducted experiments with radio-labeled sulfur (an element of proteins)
and radio-labeled phosphorus (an molecule found in each DNA nucleotide) to show that it was
the DNA in the viruses that are transferred.
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15. Lamark proposed the theory of evolution that acquired characteristics can be passed on to the
next generation.
16. The modern theory of evolution says that traits are transmitted by genes and chromosomes.
17. Gregor Mendel used pea plants to demonstrate dominance, segregation, and independent
assortment.
18. Because apples have a pH of 2.9, they are acidic and have a high concentration of H+.
19. In the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane, the heads are hydrophilic and the tails are
hydrophobic.
20. RNA serves as a “messenger” between DNA and the rest of the cell, because it carries
information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell.
21. Both DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides.
22. Because of their molecular shape, adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine in
a DNA molecule.
23. C6H12O6 is a carbohydrate.
24. A nucleic acid contains a phosphate, a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous
base.
25. C12H22O11 is a carbohydrate. It is a disaccharide that was created when two monosaccharides
underwent a dehydration synthesis reaction.
26. Enzymes do not increase the rate of reactions at higher temperatures, because a temperature
change can alter the active site of enzymes.
27. Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds.
28. Enzymes only effectively work in specific range of temperature and pH.
29. When a disaccharide is split into two monosaccharides, the reaction that it undergoes is a
hydrolysis reaction.
30. An enzyme that might catalyze a disaccharide is maltase.
31. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose are disaccharides.
32. An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air would likely increase the rate of
photosynthesis in a bean plant.
33. Animals obtain their nutrients by consuming preformed organic compounds.
34. When no photosynthesis is taking place in a plant, gas that builds up as a result of plant
respiration is released through stomates.
35. Water has a uniquely high heat capacity that protects organisms from overheating and freezing.
36. Water is a polar molecule, because the oxygen atom is slightly negative and the hydrogen atoms
are slightly positive.
37. Chloroplasts allow a cell to make its own food.
38. DNA in the nucleus of the cell does not become visible as a chromosome until cellular
reproduction.
39. Bacteria have cells with no nucleus.
40. Eukaryotic cells have more organelles than prokaryotic cells.
41. Prokaryotes were the first cells, and eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.
42. An example of a hypothesis supported by data would be "If complex cells developed from
simpler cells, then prokaryotes were the first cells."
43. An example of a conclusion from data would be "Eukaryotic organisms are larger and more
complex than prokaryotic organisms."
44. Contractile vacuoles make the organism smaller
45.
46. The primary function of very thick-walled cells in the stem of a plant is the transportation of
food.
47. The function of ribosomes would be affected by a poison interfering with the formation of
proteins.
48. Abnormal mitochondria are likely to be correlated with disturbance in the cell's food supply.
49. The cell membrane regulates the entry and exit of substances.
50. Structures A and C in the diagram enable the observer to identify it as a plant cell.
51. When a cell divides, DNA copies itself, producing two new cells with half the number of
chromosomes.
52. Your body can repair itself and grow by using the cell process called mitosis.
53. Sex cells are formed as a result of meiosis.
54. In sexual reproduction, the 2n chromosome number is restored as a direct result of meiosis.
55. A movie would most accurately show the process of mitosis because cell division is a
continuous process.
56. The first diagram best illustrates the nuclei of the daughter cells that will result from a normal
mitotic division of the cell.
57. Gene:chromosome::link:chain
58. If a defective gene is in the X chromosome, transmission to a male can be either from his
mother or father.
59. If heterozygous black guinea pigs are mated with each other, 100% of the offspring will be
expected to have the same coat color as the parents.
60. Fruit flies that have grey bodies usually have long wings. The most probable reason for this
combination of characteristics is that the genes for these traits are linked on the same
chromosome.
61. A couple had four children, and each child had a different blood type in the ABO group. The
genotypes of the parents were most likely AO and BO.
62. Some basic principles of heredity were established when Gregor Mendel crossed large numbers
of pea plants and then analyzed the mathematical ratios of certain traits in the offspring.
63. In the pea plants, the allele for tallness is dominant over the allele for shortness. Tall pea plants
are crossed with short pea plants, and the cross results in 271 tall plants and 268 short plants
based on these results, the parental genotypes can best be described as heterozygous.
64. Hemophilia and colorblindness are examples of recessive sex-linked traits.
65. The genetic concepts of segregation and recombination are best illustrated when plants that are
heterozygous for a trait are crossed.
66. A type of color weakness is an X-linked recessive trait. The shaded figures in the pedigree
represent individuals who possess this trait. "B" represents allele for normal color vision, and
"b" represents the allele for this type of color weakness. Mary's genotype is X^BX^b based on
the pedigree.
67. Based on the diagram, only bacteria that did not take up the plasmid is most likely growing on
plate 1.
68. The control in the experiment is the bacteria containing the plasmid.
69. A gene mutation has adaptive value if it enables an organism to survive an environmental
change.
70. Bacteria in culture A produce slime capsules around their cell walls. A biologist removed the
DNA from some of the bacteria in culture A and injected it into bacteria in culture B, which
normally do not produce slime capsules. After the injection, bacteria with slime capsules began
to appear in culture B. A likely conclusion is that DNA is most likely involved in the production
of slime capsules.
71. The diagram to the right represents the inheritance of stem height in the garden peas. The
diagram best illustrates crossing over.
72. The use of chemicals such as formaldehyde and asbestos has decreased because they have been
linked to uncontrolled meiotic cell division.
73. In meiotic cell division, the production of normal monoploid cells requires the separation of
homologous pairs of chromosomes.
74. A certain mutant bacterial cell cannot produce substance B. The mutation was most likely the
result of a change in gene that codes for enzyme X.
75. The function of tRNA molecules is to transport amino acids to mRNA.
76. The function of DNA molecules in the synthesis of proteins is to determine the sequence of
amino acids in a protein.
77. The process in the diagram occurs on the cell organelle known as a mitochondrion.
78. The process represented in the diagram is protein synthesis.
79. Neurons:neurotransmitters::endocrine glands:hormones.
80. The nephrons and alveoli of humans are most closely related to the malphigian tubules and
gastric caecae of grasshoppers.
81. To determine if a fetus has Down Syndrome, a doctor would perform an amniocentesis and
analyze cells collected.
82. In 1973, Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer inserted a gene from an African clawed frog into a
bacterium. The bacterium then began producing a protein directed by the code found in the frog
gene. The new genetic material in the bacterium is called recombinant DNA.
83. Genetic engineering is the procedure that Cohen and Boyer used for their experiment.
84. For vertebrates, the visceral muscle tissue is used directly for locomotion.
85. If an amoeba was trying to engulf a paramecium, the pseudopods and cilia would be involved.
86. Mollusks have a mantle.
87. Adult sponges are sessile.
88. Worms have three tissue layers, a soft body, and no shell.
89. No true organs but tissues are present in both worms and mollusks.
90. Autotrophic nutrition is carried out by ferns, grasses, and mosses.
91. Plants obtain the energy needed from the sun through photosynthesis.
92. Unicellular protists commonly use tissue regeneration for asexual reproduction.
93. Unicellular protists commonly use binary fission to reproduce asexually.
94. Reproduction is not required by an individual organism for its survival, but is required for the
survival of the species.
95. A broad and flat leaf would be most efficient for absorbing sunlight.
96. The circulatory system of a grasshopper is most similar in structure to that of an earthworm.
97. The waste product of protein metabolism is urea.
98. 105
99. Both nerve control and chemical control are required for the flight of the vertebrate from a
predator.
100. Organisms respond to both internal and external stimuli.
101. The leaves of a plant are always directed towards the nearest light source. This response is
known as positive phototropism.
102. An egg is put into a saltwater environment. The amount of water that would enter the egg
would be less than the amount leaving the egg.
103. An egg is put into a freshwater environment. The amount of water that would enter the egg
would be greater than the amount leaving the egg.
104. In fresh water, the egg will probably swell.
105. An earthworm with a tubular body and a thick outer “skin” would require a transport system.
106. Many reptiles can flatten their bodies, spread their ribs, and move to be at right angles to the sun
in response to changes in their environment. This increases the surface area exposed to the sun
and raises body temperature.
107. The left ventricle of the human heart has the thickest walls.
108. Uncontrolled cell division is characteristic of cancer.
109. The appearance of vestigial structures provides support for the concept of common ancestry.
110. 117-121.uhhhhhh??????
111. Ontogeny does not recapitulate phylogeny.??? (122)
112. Among other things, we know humans and chimpanzees to be closely related because of their
similar sequence of amino acids of the hemoglobin molecules.
113. The examination of sequences of amino acids, or biochemistry, allows you to study evolutionary
relationships.
114. An organism that is hermaphroditic and has two body openings is probably an annelid.
115. An animal with no tissue, many body openings, and no circulatory system is probably a sponge.
116. An organism with radial symmetry, one body opening and no circulatory system would
probably have tentacles and stinging cells.
117. An organism with a circulatory system and separate sexes would most likely have a respiratory
system?? (128)
118. Organisms of the same class do not have to be of the same order.
119. Organisms of the same kingdom do not have to be of the same phylum
120. Not all protests are animal like
121. Some chordates are grouped into a subphylum called vertebrates.
122. Linnaeus and Aristotle would not probably classify a redwood tree in the same basis.
123. Antennae appearance distinguishes the male from the female mosquito.
124. A female anopheles mosquito is identified with antennae, palps and probiscus.
125. A mosquito having probiscus shorter than antennae and bushy is a male Culex mosquito.
126. Sitta carolinensis and Sitta pygmaea are scientific names of two living things. They are not
necessarily in the same species.
127. Felis domesticus and Felis Leo are closely related.
128. The major evidence that changes in species have occurred is the fossil record.
129. Darwin and Wallace discovered the process of natural selection by the environment
independently of one another.
130. In a rock sample, the fossils of layer 1 resemble those found in layer 2. Layer 1 fossils seem to
be more complex. This suggests that organisms in layer 1 evolved from those in layer 2.
131. A scientist observed the presence of two species of mice, one with webbed feet and one with
normal feet. The river was dammed and created a marshy habitat for the mice. Today, only
mice with webbed feet can be found. This suggests that webbed toed mice survived at a higher
rate and reproduced more often.
132. Divergent species occurs when one species is divided into two habitats and the two can no
longer reproduce with each other.
133. Certain species in Africa and S. America are similar in appearance and behavior but are of
difference species. This can be explained because similar environments can sometimes cause
similar adaptations of species.
134. Darwin’s theory of evolution did not include sorting and recombining of genes.
135. The modern theory of evolution includes that variations result from mutation and gene
recombination.
136. The theory of continental drift hypothesizes that Africa and south America were once part of the
same great land mass. The monkeys on the two continents, although similar in appearance,
show numerous genetic differences. This is probably due to geographic isolation.
137. Organisms that are very similar in structure and in the manner in which the perform life
functions but are not capable of interbreeding could be classified in the same genus, but
different species.
138. A Population is the number of individuals of one species that live in the same area at the same
time.
139. 150???
140. Vegetation is not an abiotic factor in the environment.
141. A population and a community describe an ecosystem
142. Where an organism lives is its habitat; how it lives is its niche.
143. All of the organisms living and interacting in a pond are best described as a community.
144. Approximately 10% of energy available at one trophic level is passed onto the next.
145. 156-163??????
146. Energy flows from light energychemical energyheat
147. In ecosystems, productivity refers to food energy available to consumers.
148. In the carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and used by producers.
149. Termites eat wood but cannot digest it. Protests living in their gut digest the wood, but the
protests cannot live outside the termites body. This is an example of mutualism.
150. A lamprey uses suckers to attach itself to a fish, then feeds on the fish’s blood. This is an
example of parasitism.
151. Maple seeds that sprout inches apart result in crowding and reduced growth. This is an example
of competition.
152. A bald eagle snatches a trout from a river. This is an example of predation.
153. Cattle egrets follow a cattle herd and spend less energy to find and eat their prey because cattle
destroy insect shelter and makes insects easier to find. This is an example of commensalism.
154. DDT, a pesticide, was used on a lake to kill insect larvae. One year later a species of fish
measured had a concentration of .01mg/gm of ddt in its system. A second species was
measured and had a concentration of .10 mg/gm, implying that the second fish eats the first fish.
155. A deer’s population peak is 100,000 in an area of 2900 kilometers squared. Its density is 35
deer/kilometer squared.
156. A program to increase deer population began very successfully, but eventually nearly all of the
deer died. This may have been because the program failed to account for overpopulation and
starvation.
157. In a population of deer and wolves, the wolves would function to limit the total deer population.
158. 176???
159. Reintroducing wolves to an overabundant population of deer could help limit completion among
deer, thus making deer populations more successful.
160. Oftentimes an ecosystem must have carnivores to prey on herbivores.
161. 179??
162. Young rabbits that eat grass are sometimes eaten by raccoons, which also feed on seeds and
berries. Bacteria help to decompose the raccoons’ excretions. This suggests that raccoons are
both primary and secondary consumers.
163. Algae live inside the body cells of a species of hydra. The hydra uses the products of the
algae’s photosynthesis. Ammonia resulting from the hydra’s metabolism is thought to aid the
algae’s nutrition. The relationship between the algae and the hydra is best described as
mutualism.
164. Ammonia is part of the nitrogen nutrient cycle.
165. In a carbon-oxygen cycle, producers generate oxygen and use carbon dioxide.
166. The nitrogen cycle is most dependent on the metabolic activities of soil bacteria.
167. 185?????
168. 186????
169. 187???
170. Lichens are often the first organisms to colonize newly formed volcanic islands. Mosses and
grasses soon follow and succession continues until a climax community is reached. In this
example the lichens are best described as pioneering species.
171. When precipitation passes through air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, acid rain falls. Some
effects of this could be lowered pH in ponds, inactivating certain enzymes in living organisms.
172. An increase in the amount of fertilizer runoff would most likely speed up succession.