Download Age and tectonic/structural setting

Bathurst Mining Camp
CONTENTS
Age and tectonic/structural setting
Volcanic Architecture
Styles of ore deposits
Exhalites
Alteration facies
Hydrothermal geochemistry
Source of fluids, sulfur and metals
Subvolcanic intrustions
Hydrogeological modelling
Exploration criteria
Research strengths for your VMS district
List of twelve key references
i
5. Bathurst Mining Camp
Global comparison of massive sulfides
GEODE
Team:
Steve McCutcheon (New Brunswick Geological Survey)
David Lentz (University of New Brunswick)
Garry Woods (Noranda Exploration)
Jim Walker (New Brunswick Geological Survey)
5.1 Age and tectonic/structural setting
5.1.1 What is the age of your VMS district?
Early to Middle Ordovician (480-457 Ma).
• Extent, type and precision of geochronology? (belt scale and deposit scale).
At belt scale there are about twenty high precision U-Pb radiometric ages (see Figure 1 attached); at
deposit scale there are two.
• Palaeontological control.
Three graptolite localities from slates that cap the volcanic pile; one brachiopod and two conodont localities
from within the pile.
5.1.2 What is the current interpretation of the tectonic setting of your VMS district? (include
a time-sequence diagram if available).
An ensialic back-arc basin that was incorporated in a subduction complex. See Figure 2 attached for
cartoon model.
5.1.3 What is the tectonic interpretation based upon:
• structural mapping and interpretation? (quality of mapping?).
Good quality 1:20,000 scale mapping, lithogeochemistry and a preserved blueschist.
• gravity and/or magnetic data (has it been used?).
Regional gravity data are sparse. High resolution airborne magnetic and electromagnetic data exist for the
entire camp, which to date have mainly been used as an aide to mapping; limited modelling of the digital
data.
• any seismic sections?
Only a few property-scale lines and one 3D survey over the Halfmile Lake deposit, which were done by
Noranda; the data are not public.
• chemistry of volcanic rocks? What geochemical-tectonic classification was used?
Yes. Pearce et al. (1977, 1984).
115
5.1.4 Is there a comprehensive and high quality database of volcanic geochemistry to
assist with tectonic interpretation?
Yes.
• how many whole-rock/trace analyses on least-altered rocks?
Approximately 1000 analyses.
• type and quality of trace element data?
Major and minor trace elements, including REE’s for most of the analyses; quality is good (checked against
standards) but several labs involved. ICP-MS/ES fusion; XRF pressed pellet.
• what isotope data are available?
Considerable S and Pb data reported; minor O and C; no compiled database.
5.1.5 Have the district-scale and deposit-scale ore-fluid plumbing structures been
identified?
No and yes (for some), respectively.
Size of structures?
Difficult to determine because of polyphase deformation; in some instances, traceable for ten’s to hundred’s
of metres into footwall.
How were they defined (mapping?, alteration?, aeromagnetics? geochemistry?
Isotopes?).
Mostly by mapping (aided by geophysics) and alteration.
5.1.6 Have detailed structural studies of the deposits been undertaken? Which deposits?
Yes.Caribou, Brunswick No.6 and No.12, Heath Steele ACD and B, Stratmat Boundary.
5.1.7 What further research is needed to improve the tectonic interpretation?
Better delineation of major and minor thrust geometry; 3D modeling.
5.1.8 List key references.
Davis (1972); de Roo and van Staal (1994); Fyffe and Swinden (1991); Lentz (1996a); McBride (1976);
McCutcheon (1997); Moreton (1994); Park (1996); Rogers (1995); van Staal (1987, 1994); van Staal
and Fyffe (1991); van Staal et al. (1991, 1992).
5.2 Volcanic architecture
5.2.1 What are the scales of geological maps available for the district and the deposits?
116
For the district, 1:20,000 to 1:250,000 scales in digital form; for the deposits, there are few published maps
but company reports have hard-copy line maps, generally at 1:4800 scale.
Has a comprehensive systematic stratigraphy been established for the district?
Yes, see Figure 1 attached.
5.2.2 How do the VMS deposits relate to volcanic facies?
Most are stratiform, in first–cycle felsic volcanic rocks and are associated with volcanogenic mudstones;
some are stratabound, in first or second-cycle felsic fragmental rocks; others are in sedimentary units that
overlie or are interrbedded with the volcanic pile.
Provide some sketch diagrams if available. Do the VMS deposits occur at a single
stratigraphic position? No. Do the VMS deposits occur in proximal or distal volcanic
facies?
Both.
Percentage of volcaniclastic rocks versus coherent flows or intrusions?
About 70% and 30%, respectively, in the Nepisiguit Falls Formation of the Tetagouche Group. Do not know
for other units.
5.2.3 What is the composition (rhyolite?, basalt?) of the VMS host package?
Rhyolite-rhyodacite.
Is there a change in volcanic composition at, or close to, the ore position?
None apparent.
5.2.4 What is the interpreted range of water depth during deposition of the volcanic
succession, and immediate host rocks?
Deep to very deep.
What criteria were used to estimate water depth (eg. volcanic facies, sedimentary
structures, fossils, fluid inclusions)?
Sedimentary facies above and below the volcanic pile.
5.2.5 What further research is needed to define the relationship between ore formation
and volcanic architecture?
Better delineation of felsic volcanic facies.
117
5.2.6 List key references.
Harley (1979); McCutcheon (1992); McCutcheon et al. (1993); Rogers and van Staal (1996); Wilson (1993,
1998); Wilson et al. (1999).
5.3 Styles of ore deposits
5.3.1 Provide a table of tonnes and grade for major deposits (include economic and subeconomic or barren massive sulfides). How many additional deposits of less than 1
million tonnes are known in the district?
See figure 3 for table of tonnes. 25>1million tonnes grade for major deposits. There are twenty known
deposits in the district of less than 1 million tonnes.
5.3.2 What is the degree of metamorphism, deformation and recrystallization in the ores.
Does it vary from deposit to deposit in the district?
Yes it does vary.
Metamorphism
Deformation
Recrystallization
Greenschist
Polyphase
Common
5.3.3 What VMS deposit types occur within the belt (eg polymetallic Zn-Pb-Cu-type, CuZn-type, Cu-type, Au-only, barite-only, pyrite-only)? Give a cartoon model of each
type present, showing simple geology, morphology of the deposit and metal zones.
Do not use genetic classifications such as kuroko type or Cyprus type, but use
metal content and ratios – Cu/(Cu+Zn) and Zn/(Zn+Pb). (eg. Large , 1992: ECON.
GEOL. V87, p 473 ).
See Figure 3.
5.3.4 Are stringer zones present or economic? What is their mineralogy? Are there any
deposits that comprise only stringer sulfides?
Stringer zones are present. They are not economic. Their mineralogy is Py+Asp+Po+Cp±Sp. The Chester
deposit is predominantly composed of stringer mineralization.
5.3.5 What are the major textures in the massive (>60% sulfides) sulfides – massive
featureless, banded, brecciated? Massive, banded, mosaic-nodular,
disseminated, locally brecciated. Are these textures interpreted to be primary or
deformation-related? Both, depending upon the observer and the deposit; most
are modified by deformation. Key evidence? Colloform pyrite preserved locally
in some deposits; others characterized by sulfide gneiss.
5.3.6 Did most deposits form on the seafloor (strataform) or by replacement below the
seafloor (stratabound) or a combination of both? Key evidence?
Sediment-hosted and volcanic-hosted, respectively.
118
If sub-seafloor, how far below the seafloor?
Not far.
Evidence?
Probable vent fauna in a thin volcanogenic sedimentary unit located just above one deposit.
5.3.7 Did the seafloor deposits form in brine pools (local depressions), or as mounds, or
are both types represented, or did they form by some other mechanism?
Some seem to have formed as mounds or asymmetric mounds in local bottom depressions; others appear
to have been widely dispersed on the seafloor.
Key evidence?
The former deposits have a lens or mound geometry and are floored by chloritic (volcanogenic) mudstone;
the latter have a sheet-like geometry and are in relatively unaltered dark grey clastic rocks.
Is there general agreement on the mechanism of formation?
No.
5.3.8 List key references.
Adair (1992); Fyffe (1995); Goodfellow and Peter (1996); Jambor (1979); Lentz (1999a); Lusk (1969);
McCutcheon (1992); Park (1996); Stanton (1959); van Staal and Williams (1984).
5.4 Exhalites
5.4.1 Are “exhalites” (Fe, Si or Mn, units) present at the same stratigraphic level as the
ores?
Oxide iron formation is commonly associated with deposits in the Nepisiguit Falls Formation, but not with
those in other formations.
Are other styles of ore-equivalent horizons developed, eg; sulfide-bearing epiclastics,
pyritic black shales, limestones?
One deposit at the top of the Flat Landing Brook Formation has barite.
Are the exhalites true seafloor precipitates or simply alteration (silicification?) of
tuffaceous sediments?
Seafloor precipitates.
Key criteria?
Fe/Mn ratio, anomalous Pb-Zn, layering, isotopic evidence.
119
5.4.2 Are exhalites developed at other stratigraphic levels above or below the ore position?
Yes.
How far above or below?
Oxide iron formations occur in the lower part of the Flat Landing Brook Formation (generally <100 m above
contact with Nepisiguit Falls Formation) and locally in mafic volcanic units of the Canoe Landing Lake,
Boucher Brook, Little River and Slacks Lake formations.
5.4.3 Can the exhalites be mapped along strike from the deposit (how far?), and are they
useful for exploration?
Yes, up to 5 km for Brunswick No.12 but generally < 1km.
How do you distinguish ore-associated exhalites from barren exhalites?
Productive ones have anomalous Pb-Zn.
5.4.4 Is there a geochemical database for exhalites in your belt (how many samples,
REE data, isotope data)?
Yes, Jan Peter has database at the GSC.
5.4.5 List key references.
Lentz et al. (1995); Peter and Goodfellow (1996); Saif (1983); Troop (1984); Whitehead (1973).
5.5 Alteration facies
5.5.1 Have hydrothermal (yes), regional diagenetic (no), and regional metamorphic (yes;
greenschist and blueschist) mineral assemblages and textures been identified?
See Lentz and Goodfellow (1994); Trzcienski et al. (1984) and van Staal et al.
(1990), respectively. Criteria used for discrimination? Iron content is much higher
in hydrothermal chlorite.
5.5.2 What (if any) is the immediate footwall alteration mineralogy and zonation?
Silicification + Fe-chlorite + disseminated & stringer sulfides (only in vent area) Æ Fe-chlorite + sericite +/
- stringer sulfides Æ Sericite (feldspar destruction) + Fe-Mg chlorite.
Is the footwall alteration more commonly in stratabound zones or as pipes?
Both kinds are present in many deposits.
What is the depth extent and surface area relative to the deposit?
Stratbound alteration extends well beyond the deposit but is confined to the footwall volcaniclastic rocks
(especially in the Nepisiguit Falls Fm); pipe-like stringer zones cannot be traced very far into the footwall
rocks, largely because of deformation effects.
120
5.5.3 What (if any) is the extent and mineralogy of hangingwall alteration?
Manifested by spotty Fe-carbonate (porphyroblasts) just above exhalite in some deposits.
Give morphology, dimensions and mineral zonation.
Stratabound, thin and with extent proportional to dimensions of exhalite.
5.5.4 What particular alteration indices (vectors to ore) have been tested or proposed?
Goodfellow index: (MgO+FeO)/( MgO+FeO+CaO+ Na 2 O); Ishikawa index: (K 2 O+MgO)/(
K2O+Na2O+CaO+MgO)*100; Gandhi (Lentz) index: (Fet+Mg)/(Na+K); mass-balanced, Al-normalized ratios,
e.g. (Fe+Mg)/Al.
5.5.5 Has a single database of alteration geochemistry been compiled for the district?
(number of samples?). By whom? and is it available?
No.
5.5.6 Is there a database of whole rock oxygen isotopes? Some published but not compiled
into a single database. (number of samples?) Is data available on H or C isotopes?
Even less than oxygen and not compiled.
5.5.7 Have deep semi-conformable alteration zones been identified?
No deep ones identified but semi-conformable zones in the Nepisiguit Falls Fm.
What is their dimension, mineralogy, and chemical characteristics?
Feldspar partly to completely destroyed; MgO enriched felsic rocks.
Is there evidence for metal depletion?
5.5.8 Is alteration geochemistry used to assist exploration in the district?
Yes, in recent years.
5.5.9 List key references.
Adair (1992); Currie and van Staal (1999); Goodfellow (1975); Lentz (1996b, 1999a, 1999b); Lentz and
Goodfellow (1993a, b, & c, 1994, 1996); Lentz et al. (1997); Luff et al. (1992); Trzcienski et al. (1984);
van Staal (1985); van Staal et al. (1990).
5.6 Hydrothermal geochemistry
5.6.1 Are there systematic published studies on the mineralogy, mineral paragenesis
and mineral chemistry of the ores and altered host rocks? Which deposits?
Some studies but not much on mineral chemistry. Brunswick, Heath Steele, Caribou, McMaster.
121
5.6.2 Are the temperature, salinity and chemistry of the ore fluid well constrained from
deposit data? What is the quality of primary fluid inclusion data?
No. Metamorphic degradation of fluid inclusions common.
5.6.3 Is there any evidence for fluid boiling, give details?
See Lentz and Goodfellow (1996).
5.6.4 What hydrothermal thermodynamic modelling has been attempted? What modelling
software was used (if any)?
None.
5.6.5 What additional information is required to develop robust geochemical models?
5.6.6 List key references.
Goodfellow and Peter (1996); Lentz and Goodfellow (1996); Lusk and Krouse (1997).
5.7 Source of fluids, sulfur and metals
5.7.1 How extensive is the S isotope database on ores (some), sulfates (none present)
and host rocks (very limited) (numbers of analyses)?
Not all compiled but estimate less than 300. What is the range of del 34S? In Tetagouche Group deposits,
11.8-16.5 per mil; in California Lake Group deposits, 5.9-10.9 per mil.
Do the massive sulfides and stringer zones have the same mean value and range?
For Brunswick No.12, the stringer values are slightly higher than the massive values.
What is the interpreted source(s) of sulfur?
Bacterial reduction of seawater.
5.7.2 How extensive is the Pb isotope database on ores and host rocks (some) (number
of analyses)?
Not all compiled but estimate less than 100.
What is the range of 206/204Pb and 207/204Pb ratios on ores?
In Tetagouche Group deposits, 18.187Æ18.279 and 15.641Æ15.663, respectively; in California Lake Group
deposits, 18.230Æ18.319 and 15.647Æ15.669, respectively.
What is the interpreted source of metals?
Mostly from the underlying volcanic and sedimentary rocks.
122
5.7.3 Are there any other isotopic data (Os/Ir, Sm/Nd, Sr) that may assist in determining
the source of metals?
Some Sr data (see Lusk and Krouse, 1997).
5.7.4 Is there any evidence for magmatic fluid/metal input? If so what is the key evidence?
Perhaps. The elevated Sn content of the sulfide deposits.
5.7.5 What further research is required to determine the source of fluids, sulfur and metals?
5.7.6 List key references.
Goodfellow and Peter (1996); Lentz and Goodfellow (1993); Lusk and Crocket (1969); Peter and Goodfellow
(1996); Tupper (1960).
5.8 Subvolcanic intrusions
5.8.1 Have syn-volcanic intrusions been identified (yes) and are they associated with
VMS deposits? What is their composition and are they composite?
Not obviously. Granitic to granodioritic and yes.
5.8.2 Classify them as shallow (<1000 m from the lowest VMS horizon), epizonal (10003000 m) or deep (>3000 m). Is there more than one level present? What is their
geometry and dimensions.
Shallow to epizonal. Most are hosted by Miramichi Group sedimentary rocks but at least one intrusion cuts
the felsic volcanic rocks. Lenticular; up to 50 km long and 5 km wide but generally < 10 km long.
5.8.3 Are they hosted by comagmatic volcanics? Underlying basement?
Rarely. Mostly.
5.8.4 Are they identified as comagmatic to VMS-hosting strata by: a) geology; b) igneous
geochemistry, and/or c) geochronology?
All of these.
5.8.5 Are they related to district-scale alteration zones? Key evidence?
Not obviously.
5.8.6 Do they contain extensive areas of alteration? Do they contain base-metal and/or
gold occurrences?
No. None known.
5.8.7 List key references.
Wilson et al. (1999): Whalen et al. (1998).
123
5.9 Hydrogeological modelling
5.9.1 Are there any published or unpublished hydrogeological models for the district or
for individual deposits? What software package was used?
No.
5.9.2 Are there any data on the original porosity and permeability of the volcanic and
sedimentary facies in the succession?
No.
5.9.3 Have regional or local hydrothermal fluid pathways been defined? Using what
data or criteria?
Local pathways observed. Semi-conformable alteration zones.
5.9.4 Have any heat sources or fluid driving mechanisms been defined?
No.
5.9.5 What research is required to develop robust hydrogeological models? What
computer codes are suitable and available? What computer code developments
are needed to better constrain 3D heat and fluid flow modelling?
For regional modelling, palinspastic reconstruction of the fold-thrust belt.
5.9.6 List key references.
None.
5.10Exploration criteria
5.10.1 How were the known deposits found? Provide a list with dates and the key methods.
(eg. outcropping gossan, gravity, magnetics, soil geochemistry etc.).
See Figure 3 attached.
5.10.2 Currently, what are the key methods used by companies to identify 1) prospect
areas, and 2) drill targets?
1. Prospecting, EM, Mag, work history. 2. Geology, soil geochemistry, Mag, IP, gravity, seismic (recently).
5.10.3 What regional exploration data sets are available from the relevant government
departments : aeromagnetics? (yes, state of the art), gravity? (yes but poor
coverage) EM? (yes, state of the art), stream geochemistry? (yes) , soil
geochemistry? (no), till geochemistry? (yes), rock-chip geochemistry? (no). Give
specifications and degree of coverage.
Entire camp was flown (Aerodat helicopter-borne Mag, EM, radiometrics) in 1996 at 200 m line spacing
and 60 m ground clearance. Stream sediment and water samples were collected in the northwestern
124
quarter of the camp as part of the EXTECH Project; entire camp is covered by older stream sediment
geochemistry at 400 m spacing. Entire camp is covered by till geochemistry (one sample per four square
kilometres).
5.10.4 What percentage of the volcanic district is under shallow (> 1 m of till) cover? Have
any deposits been discovered in the covered areas?
80%. Yes.
5.10.5 What exploration methods need to be considered or further researched in your
district?
Borehole geophysical logging, seismic methods, Q-particle geochemistry.
5.10.6 List key references.
Boyle (1995); Lentz (1994); Rickard et al. (in press).
5.11 Research strengths for your VMS district
1
1. Tectonic and structural setting:
2
3
X
3. Styles of deposits:
X
X
5. Alteration facies:
6. Hydrothermal geochemistry:
X
X
7. Sources of S, metals, fluids:
X
8. Hydrogeological modelling:
9. Subvolcanic intrusions:
1
2
3
4
5
5
X
2. Volcanic architecture:
4. Exhalites:
4
X
X
= Adequate database and extensive interpretation of data
= Adequate database but little interpretation
= Extensive interpretation but inadequate database
= Moderate database and interpretations (needs improvement)
= Inadequate database and little interpretation
5.12List of key references
List the major references, even if the interpretations differ from those generally accepted. The key references
should include those that have the major geological, geochemical etc data (maps and tables) and also
those that contain important discussions and interpretations. Make sure the titles of key maps or map
series are included. List key unpublished references (eg. theses) especially if they contain critical data not
available elsewhere. Some provided previously; others listed below.
Boyle, D. R., 1995. Geochemistry and genesis of the Murray Brook precious metal gossan deposit, Bathurst
Mining Camp, New Brunswick. Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 4, p. 341-363.
Currie, K.L., and van Staal, C.R., 1999. The assemblage stilpnomelane-chlorite-phengitic mica: a
125
geothermobarometer for blueschist and associated greenschist terranes. Journal of Metamorphic
Geology, v. 17, p. 613-620.
Davis, G.H. 1972. Deformational history of the Caribou strata-bound sulfide deposit, Bathurst, New
Brunswick, Canada. Economic Geology, v. 67, p. 634-655.
de Roo, J. A. and van Staal, C. R. 1994. Transpression and recumbent folding: steepbelts and flat belts in
the Appalachian Central Mobile Belt of northern New Brunswick, Canada. Geological Society of America
Bulletin, v. 106, p. 541-552.
Fyffe, L. R., 1995. Regional geology and lithogeochemistry, in the vicinity of the Chester VMS deposit, Big
Bald Mountain area, New Brunswick, Canada. Exploration and Mining Geology, v. 4, p. 153-173.
Fyffe, L. R. and Swinden, H. S., 1991. Paleotectonic setting of Cambro-Ordovician volcanic rocks in the
Canadian Appalachians. Geoscience Canada, v. 18, p.145-157.
Goodfellow, W. D., 1975. Major and minor element halos in volcanic rocks at Brunswick no. 12 sulphide
deposit, N.B., Canada. In: Geochemical Exploration 1974, edited by I. L. Elliot and W. K. Fletcher,
Elsevier Amsterdam, p. 279-295.
Harley, D.N., 1979. A mineralized resurgent caldera complex in the Bathurst-Newcastle mining district,
New Brunswick, Canada: Economic Geology, v. 74, p. 786-796.
Lentz, D. R. 1994. Gamma-ray spectrometric study of the footwall felsic volcanic and sedimentary rocks
around Brunswick No. 6 massive-sulphide deposit, northern New Brunswick. In Current Research,
Part D, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 94-1D, p.135-141.
Lentz, D. R., 1996a. Trace-element systematics of felsic volcanic rocks associated with massive-sulphide
deposits in the Bathurst Mining Camp: petrogenetic, tectonic and chemostratigraphic implications for
VMS deposits. In Trace element geochemistry of volcanic rocks: applications for massive sulphide
exploration. Edited by D.A. Wyman, Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes 12, p.
359-402.
Lentz, D. R.,1996b. Recent advances in lithogeochemical exploration for massive-sulphide deposits in
volcano-sedimentary environments: petrogenetic, chemostratigraphic and alteration aspects with
examples from the Bathurst Camp, New Brunswick. In Current Research 1995. Edited by B. M. W.
Carroll, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Mineral Resources Division,
Mineral Resource Report 96-1, pp. 73-119.
Lentz, D. R., 1999a. Petrology, geochemistry, and oxygen isotope interpretative of felsic volcanic and
related rocks hosting the Brunswick 6 and 12 massive sulfide deposits (Brunswick Belt), Bathurst
Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada, Economic Geology, 94: p. 57-86.
Lentz, D.R., 1999b. Deformation-induced mass transfer in felsic volcanic rocks hosting the Brunswick No.
6 massive-sulfide deposit, New Brunswick: geochemical effects and petrogenetic implications. Canadian
Mineralogist, v. 37, p. 489-512.
Lentz, D. R. and Goodfellow, W. D., 1993a. Mineralogy and petrology of the stringer sulphide zone in the
Discovery Hole at the Brunswick No. 12 massive sulphide deposit, Bathurst, New Brunswick. In: Current
Research, Part E, Geological Survey of Canada Paper 93-1E, p.249-258.
Lentz, D. R. and Goodfellow, W. D., 1993b. Geochemistry of the stringer sulphide zone from the Discovery
Hole at the Brunswick No. 12 massive sulphide deposit, Bathurst, New Brunswick. In: Current Research,
Part E, Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 93-1E, p.259-269.
Lentz, D. R. and Goodfellow, W. D., 1993c. Petrology and mass-balance constraints on the origin of quartz
augen schist associated with the Brunswick massive sulfide deposits, Bathurst, New Brunswick.
Canadian Mineralogist, v. 31, p. 877-903.
Lentz, D. and Goodfellow, W. D., 1994. Character, distribution, and origin of zoned hydrothermal alteration
features at the Brunswick No. 12 massive sulphide deposit, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick. In
Current Research. Edited by S.A. Abbott, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy,
Minerals Resources, Information Circular 94-1, pp. 94-119.
Lentz, D. R. and Goodfellow, W. D., 1996. Intense silicification of footwall sedimentary rocks in the stockwork
alteration zone beneath the Brunswick No. 12 massive sulphide deposit, Bathurst, New Brunswick.
Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 33, p. 284-302.
Lentz, D. R., Hall, D. C., and Hoy, L. D. 1997. Chemostratigraphy, alteration, and oxygen isotope trends in
a drillhole profile through the Heath Steele B Zone deposit stratigraphic sequence, New Brunswick.
The Canadian Mineralogist, v.35, p. 841-874.
Lentz, D. R., McCutcheon, S. R. and Walker, J. A., 1995. Preliminary geochemical interpretation of
metalliferous sedimentary rocks in the Miramichi Anticlinorium, New Brunswick. In Current Research
1994. Edited by S.A.A. Merlini, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Minerals
and Energy, Miscellaneous Report 18, p. 91-111.
Lusk, J., 1969. Base metal zoning in the Heath Steele B-1 orebody, New Brunswick, Canada. Economic
Geology, v. 64, p.509-518.
126
Lusk, J. and Crocket, J. H., 1969. Sulfur isotope fractionation in coexisting sulfides from the Heath Steele
B-1 orebody, New Brunswick, Canada. Economic Geology, 64, p.147-155.
Lusk, J. and Krouse, H.R., 1997. Comparative stable isotope and temperature investigation of minerals
and associated fluids in two regionally metamorphosed (Kuroko-type) volcanogenic massive sulfides.
Chemical Geology, v. 143, p. 231-253.
McBride, D.E. 1976. The structure and stratigraphy of the B-Zone, Heath Steele Mines, Newcastle, New
Brunswick. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, 227 p.
McCutcheon, S. R., 1992. Base-Metal Deposits: of the Bathurst-Newcastle District: Characteristics and
Depositional Models, Exploration Mining Geology, v. 1, p. 105-119.
McCutcheon, S. R., Langton, J. P., van Staal, C. R. and Lentz, D. R., 1993. Stratigraphy, tectonic setting
and massive sulphide deposits of the Bathurst Mining Camp, northern New Brunswick. In: Metallogeny
of the Bathurst Camp, edited by S.R. McCutcheon, Guidebook to Trip #4 of Bathurst’93, 3rd Annual
Field Conference, Geological Society of CIM, p. 1-28.
Moreton, C. 1994. The stratigraphy, structure and geometry of the B, B5 and E Zone massive sulphide
deposits, Heath Steele Mines, Newcastle, New Brunswick, Canada. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis,
University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, 398 p.
Rickard, J.H., Lentz, D.R., Ford, K.L., and Taylor, R.P. (in press). Gamma-Ray Spectrometric Applications
to Volcanogenic Massive Sulphide Exploration in the Heath Steele Mines Area, Bathurst Camp, New
Brunswick. Exploration and Mining Geology.
Rogers, N.,1995. The petrological variations of the Ordovician felsic volcanic rocks of the Tetagouche
Group, New Brunswick. In Current Research, 1995-E, Geological Survey of Canada, p. 279-286.
Rogers, N. and van Staal, C. R. 1996. The distribution and features of the Spruce Lake Formation,
Tetagouche Group, New Brunswick. In Current Research, 1996-D, Geological Survey of Canada, p.
61-69.
Troop, D. G., 1984. The petrology and geochemistry of Ordovician banded iron formations and associated
rocks at the Flat Landing Brook massive sulphide deposit, northern New Brunswick. Unpublished
M.Sc. thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, 217p.
Tupper, W. M., 1960. Sulfur Isotopes and the Origin of the Sulfide Deposits of the Bathurst-Newcastle area
of northern New Brunswick. Economic Geology, v. 55, p.1676-1707.
Trzcienski, W.E., Carmichael, D.M., and Helmstaedt, H., 1984. Zoned sodic amphibole: petrologic indicator
of changing pressure and temperature during tectonism in the Bathurst area, New Brunswick Canada.
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 85, p. 311-320.
van Staal, C. R., 1985. Structure and metamorphism of the Brunswick Mines area, Bathurst, New Brunswick,
Canada. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, 484 p.
van Staal, C. R. 1994. Brunswick subduction complex in the Canadian Appalachians: record of the Late
Ordovician to Late Silurian collision between Laurentia and the Gander margin of Avalon. Tectonics,
13: 946-962.
van Staal, C. R. and Fyffe L.R., 1991. Dunnage and Gander Zones, New Brunswick: Canadian Appalachian
Region. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Mineral Resources, Geoscience
Report 91-2, 39 p.
van Staal, C. R., Fyffe, L. R., Langton, J. P., McCutcheon, S. R., 1992. The Ordovician Tetagouche Group,
Bathurst Camp, northern New Brunswick, Canada: History, tectonic setting and distribution of massive
sulphide deposits. Exploration and Mining Geology, 1, p.93-103.
van Staal, C. R., Ravenhurst, C. E., Winchester, J. A., Roddick, J. C., and Langton, J. P., 1990. PostTaconic blueschist suture in the northern Appalachians of northern New Brunswick, Canada. Geology
24, p.1073-1077.
Whalen, J. B., Rogers, N., van Stall, C. R., Longstaffe, F. J., Jenner, G. A. and Winchester, J. A., 1998.
Geochemical and isotopic (Nd, O) data from Ordovician felsic plutonic and volcanic rocks of the
Miramichi Highlands: petrogenetic and metallogenic implications for the Bathurst Mining Camp, CJES,
35: p. 237-252.
Whitehead, R. E. S., 1973. Environment of stratiform sulphide deposition; variation in Mn/Fe ratio in host
rocks at Heath Steele Mine, New Brunswick, Canada. Mineralium Deposita, v. 8, p.148-160.
Whitehead, R. E. S. and Govett, G. J. S., 1974. Exploration rock geochemistry - detection of trace element
halos at Heath Steele Mines (N.B., CANADA) by discriminant analysis. Journal of Geochemical
Exploration, v. 3, p.371-386.
Wilson, R. A. 1993. Geology of the Heath Steele-Halfmile Lakes area, Northumberland County, New
Brunswick. New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Mineral Resources, Report
of Investigation 25, 98 p.
Wilson, R. A. 1998. Geology of the Roger Brook area (parts of NTS 21 O/8a, b, g, h), Bathurst Mining
Camp, New Brunswick, in Current Research 1997, edited by B.M.W. Carroll, New Brunswick Department
127
of Natural Resources and Energy, Minerals and Energy Division, Mineral Resource Report 98-4, p.
93-121.
Wilson, R. A. , Fyffe, L.R., McNicoll, V., and Wodicka, N. 1999. Lithogeochemistry, petrography and
geochronology of Ordovician rocks in the Big Bald Mountain area (NTS 21 O/1), Bathurst Mining
Camp, New Brunswick, in Current Research 1998, edited by B.M.W. Carroll, New Brunswick Department
of Natural Resources and Energy, Minerals and Energy Division, Mineral Resource Report 99-4, p.
89-142.
128