Download systems of transport

ANIMAL TRANSPORT P.191-­‐209 C&C P.198 #2,3,4,5 C&C P.209 #1,2,3,5 RYI P.210-­‐211 #4,5,6,7 SYSTEMS OF TRANSPORT 1. UNICELLULAR (PARAMECIUM)à THROUGH VACUOLES IN CYTOSOL (CYTOPLASM) !
SYSTEMS OF TRANSPORT 2. SIMPLE ANIMALS (HYDRA)! SACLIKE BODY WITH TISSUES THAT IS TWO CELL LAYERS THICK IN WHICH FOOD, WASTE, OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE PASS IN AND OUT AS IT MOVES AROUND THE WATER (DIFFUSION) !
SYSTEMS OF TRANSPORT 3. MORE COMPLEX ANIMALS EARTHWORMàCLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (BLOOD IN VESSELS, 5 CONTRACTILE HEARTS) !
SYSTEMS OF TRANSPORT 3. MORE COMPLEX ANIMALS GRASSHOPPER (AND OTHER INSECTS)/CRABS! OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (BLOOD PUMPED INTO CAVITIES CALLED SINUSES) !
SYSTEMS OF TRANSPORT 4. VERTEBRATES! (CLOSED SYSTEM, MORE COMPLEX THAN EARTHWORM) FISH •  2 CHAMBERS, SINGLE SYSTEM FOR BLOOD FLOW AMPHIBIANS/MOST REPTILES •  3 CHAMBERS, SOME MIXING OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED BLOOD MAMMALS/BIRDS •  4 CHAMBERS, COMPLETE SEPARATION OF OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED BLOOD !
THE HUMAN CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1. HEART •  ATRIA (2)!BLOOD FLOWS INTO HEART FROM THE BODY •  VENTRICLES (2)!BLOOD FLOWS OUT OF HEART TO BODY 2. BLOOD VESSELS –  ARTERIES! CARRY BLOOD FROM HEART TO BODY (AORTA, PULMONARY ARTERY) –  VEINS!CARRY BLOOD TO HEART FROM BODY, VALVES TO PREVENT BACKFLOW –  CAPILLARIES!MICROSCOPIC VESSELS ONE CELL THICK IN TISSUES/ORGANS THAT EXCHANGE CHEMICALS AND GASES ( O2 / CO2 ) AND LEAD DIRECTLY INTO VEINS BLOOD VESSELS !
Artery vs. Vein
Capillaries of head and arms
Superior vena
cava
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Capillaries of right
lung
Capillaries of left
lung
Inferior vena cava
Capillaries of abdominal
organs and legs
THE CARDIAC CYCLEàTHE SEQUENCE OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION (SYSTOLE) AND RELAXATION (DIASTOLE) !
STEPS IN THE PROCESS 1.  BLOOD ENTERS ATRIA FORCING BLOOD INTO VENTRICLES 2.  ATRIA RELAX AND FILL, VENTRICLES CONTRACT, FORCING BLOOD INTO PULMONARY ARTERY AND AORTA (OUT OF HEART) 3.  VENTRICLES RELAX, ATRIA CONTRACT, REPEATING THE CYCLE HOW THE HEART WORKS •  EACH HEARTBEAT STARTS IN THE PACEMAKER (SPECIALIZED MUSCLE CELLS IN THE INNER WALL OF RIGHT ATRIUM) •  THE HEARTBEAT IMPULSE THEN SPREADS THROUGH THE HEART MUSCLE (SEE NODES ON DIAGRAM) •  CHANGES IN RATE OF HEARTBEAT ARE CONTROLLED BY NERVES OUTSIDE OF HEART BLOOD FLOW OUTLINE (SEE 4TH PAGE OF HEART DIAGRAMS) BLOOD FROM SYSTEMIC PATHWAY (THE BODY)! RIGHT ATRIUM! RIGHT VENTRICLE!LUNGS!BLOOD FLOW FROM LUNGS!LEFT ATRIUM! LEFT VENTRICLE! AORTA!OTHER PARTS OF BODY BLOOD PRESSURE •  BLOOD IS FORCED INTO ARTERIES UNDER PRESSURE STRETCHING THEIR WALLS •  BLOOD RETURNING TO THE HEART THROUGH THE VEINS AFTER PASSING THROUGH CAPILLARIES HAS MUCH LOWER PRESSURE •  (VEINS HAVE VALVES TO PREVENT BACKFLOW OF BLOOD AND ARE LESS ELASTIC THAN ARTERIES DUE TO THINNER WALLS) •  HYPERTENSIONàHIGH BLOOD PRESSURE OVER NORMAL LEVELS DUE TO STRESS AND DIET REGULATION AND TRANSPORT P.200-­‐209 •  OCCURS DURING PULMONARY CIRCULATION (HEART TO LUNGS AND LUNGS TO HEART) AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION (TO OTHER PARTS OF THE BODY) BLOOD-­‐TRANSPORT FLUID 1. PLASMA •  LIQUID PART, NONLIVING •  TRANSPORTS NUTRIENTS, HORMONES, WASTE 2. CELLULAR –  ERYTHROCYTE •  RED BLOOD CELL, LAST 120 DAYS, PRODUCED IN BONE MARROW, TRANSPORTS OXYGEN (HEMOGLOBIN) –  LEUKOCYTE •  WHITE BLOOD CELL, FIGHTS FOREIGN SUBSTANCES, USES PHAGOCYTOSIS -­‐ PLATELETS •  ALLOW BLOOD TO CLOT (COAGULATE) USING ENZYMES AND OTHER PROTEIN SUCH AS FIBRIN (ALLOWS CLOTTING TO OCCUR) !
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM!p.206 •  RECYCLES INTERCELLULAR FLUID INTO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM •  LYMPH VESSELSàCARRY FLUID FROM BODY TISSUES BACK TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM •  LYMPH FLUIDàCONTAINS WHITE BLOOD CELLS, WATER, PROTEIN MOLECULES, SALTS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES !