Download Portuguese Man-Of-War

Chapter 9 Porifera/Cnidaria
Multicellular And Tissue Levels
Of Organization
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Portuguese Man-Of-War (Physalia Physalis)
Fig. 9.1
9-1
Photo © Diane Nelson
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Evolutionary Relationships of Poriferans
Fig. 9.2
9-2
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Hypothesis of Multicellularity
Fig. 9.3
9-3
Porifera/Sponges
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* 550 million years old
• means " pore bearing "
* bodies are full of tiny pores and canals
* filter feeding depends upon water currents thru
their canals
* bodies have: a gelatin matrix -- tiny spicules of Ca
or Si
a protein called spongin is in some
* no true tissues or organs
* aquatic sessile filter feeders as adults
* mostly marine and colonial
* many brightly colored
* they provide a home for thousands of other
organisms
* can grow on many other living animals
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Simple Sponge Morphology
Fig. 9.5
9-4
Form & Function
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= the numerous tiny body pores ( ostia ) are
for incoming water
= the big pores are ( oscula ) for water
exhaust
= openings lined with flagellated collar cells
(choanocytes ) Function ? the flagellum
create water currents through the sponge
and filters microscopic food particles from the
water
= these cells also phagocytize (to eat) food
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Sponge Body Forms
Fig. 9.7
9-5
Types of Canal Systems
1. Asconoids: flagellated
spongocoels (vaselike)
simplest type, least common
water enters thru a ostia
then into the spongocoel
outlet is 1 large osculum
Ex: Leucosolenia (means
white pipe - is a littoral marine
tubular species)
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Asconoids cont.
Types cont.
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. Syconoids: flagellated canals
radial canals empty into a single osculum
water enters thru incurrent canals
flagella force water on thru internal pores or
apopyles into the spongocoel and out via the
osculum
this type is in classes Calcarea and
Hexactinellida
Ex: Sycon (means a fig)
Calcarea
Types cont.
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. Leuconoids: flagellated chambers
most common and complex, absence of
spongocoel
clusters of flagellated chambers filled
with water from incurrent canals, ostia
water is discharged into excurrent
canals >>> several osculum
form large colonies
Leuconoids
Types of cells
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sponge cells are loosely arranged in a
gelatinous matrix
( mesohyl – jellylike layer , mesoglea)
-- Pinacocytes--thin flat epithelial-type cells
Function ? line
-- Choanocytes--ovoid cells lining canals and
chambers
-- Mesenchyme--ameboid cells in the gelatin
with phagocytic ability Functions ?
may secrete spicules ( sclerocytes )
some secrete spongin fibers, collagen
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Slide 13 of 30
Types of skeletons
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1. silicon spicules
2. crystalline calcium carbonate
3. a form of collagen called spongin
• variations in spicules are used as
classification keys
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Sponge Larval Stages
Fig. 9.8
9-6
Physiology of Sponges
* life depends upon water flow
* have millions of flagellated cells
* mainly feed on bacteria, plankton and
detritus
* digestion is intracellular
* diffusion and contractile vacuoles
* may close oscula as a response
Reproduction in Sponges
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both asexual and sexual
asexually by budding and fragmentation
- buds may be external or internal
(gemmules)
sexually thru being monoecious
Meaning ?
Sponges have great regeneration ability
Sponge releasing gametes
Class Calcarea

Class Calcarea (Calcispongiae)
= spicules of calcium carbonate
= usually small sponges, often tubeshaped
= all 3 canal types in this group
= many drab but some bright yellow,
green, red or lavender
Ex: Leucosolenia (Scypha) , Sycon
(Grantia)
Grantia/calcarea
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whole
cross section
Calcarea/Grantia choanocytes (arrow)
cross section, high power;
Class Hexactinellida
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Class Hexactinellida (Hyalospongiae)
Glass Sponges
> nearly all deep-sea with vase / funnel
bodies
> skeleton forms a network
Ex: Euplectella (Venus' Flower Basket )
Euplectella
Class Demospongiae

* 95 % of all species
* are leuconoid and almost all marine
* have silicon spicules if present, are
bound by spongin
Ex: freshwater -Spongilla and Myenia
marine - Spongia and Hippospongia
Hippospongia
Class Sclerospongiae

= small group which secretes a
calcareous skeleton
= called coralline ( coral like )sponges
= leuconoid with silicon and spongin
spicules possible
= in cryptic locations
Sclerospongia
SOME THOUGHTS...

Why are sponges important to other aquatic life
?_______________________
Why are sponges excellent pollution indicators ?
_______________________
Do sponges still have an economic impact ?
Many of these sponge-modified and spongeproduced chemicals have potent toxicity against
human pathogens, cancer cells etc., or are useful
against certain human ailments (e.g. antiinflammatory, cardiovascular, respiratory, analgesic
etc. properties). _______________________
Of what value are sponges in research ?
_______________________
Cnidarian
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Phylum CNIDARIA means “ nettle-like “
radial or bilateral symmetry
diploblastic tissue level organization
gelatinous mesoglea between epidermal and
gastrodermis tissue layer
gastrovascular cavity
nervous system in form of nerve net
there are types of nematocysts (stinging
organelles) for defense, feeding and
attachment
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Cnidarian Body Wall
Fig. 9.9
9-7
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Cnidocyte Structure and Nematocyst Discharge
Fig. 9.10
9-8
over 9K species
has cells called
cnidocytes with
stinging
organelles
(nematocysts)
characteristics

group is also called Coelenterata ( meaning
hollow gut )
almost all marine with many strange and
lovely forms
abundant in warmer shallow marine areas
little economic importance except for reefbuilding
some can inflict painful stings on humans
Form and Function

* polymorphism (many forms) or dimorphism (2
forms)
* body forms are hydroid - a polyp (sessile &
asexual) and the jellyfish form- medusa (freeswimming or floating & dioceous, sexually mature)
* most polyps have a tube shape and the medusae
an umbrella shape
* Anthozoans (corals) are polyps and Scyphozoans
(true jellyfish) are medusae
* Hydrozoans usually go thru both forms during life
Characteristics cont.
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Their are types of nematocysts (stinging organelles)
for ______________________?
Another feature is the Nerve Net or neuromuscular
system
Cnidarian nerve cells have been of interest to
zoologists for many years because they may be the
most primitive nervous elements in the animal
kingdom. By studying these cells, zoologists may
gain insight into the evolution of animal nervous
systems.
Class Hydrozoa
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meaning “ water animals “
3 features that distinguish hydrozoans from other
cnidarians
1. nematocysts are only in the epidermis
2. gametes are epidermal and released to the
outside of the body rather than in the
.
gastrovascular cavity
3. the mesoglea never contains amoeboid
mesenchyme cells
How do medusas form? From a budding, a body wall
of a polyp
Hydra
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Hydra are named after the nine-headed sea
snake of Greek mythology and are freshwater
relatives of corals, sea anemones and
jellyfish. All are members of a primitive
phylum, the Cnidaria, and share in common
stinging tentacles and a radially symmetrical
body plan
Hydra bear the name of the Greek
mythological creature of Lerna, described as
having the body of a hound and 100
serpentine heads, each bearing poisonous
breath. With so hideous a visage that many
died of fear just viewing the mythological
beast, the freshwater hydra has much legend
to live up to.
Hercules vs the Hydra - YouTube
HYDRA LERNAIA was a gigantic, nine-headed water SERPENT, who
grew two heads in place of each that was decapitated. She was
slain by Herakles who applied a burning brand to the stumps. The
gods then placed her in the heavens as the Constellation Hydra.
Hydra cont.
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in freshwater as a solitary polyp
prefers underside of vegetation in clean water
tiny but visible to the eye
moves by gliding on its basal disc, inch worming or
somersaulting
eats water fleas, insect larvae and worms
shoots prey with nematocysts
reproduces both asexually (buds) and sexually
(dioecious)
statocysts – an organ of equilibrium and balance in
many invertebrates.
Hydra cont.
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The more common Hydroids would be
Obelia with its dimorphism,
The freshwater medusa Craspedacusta
sowerbyi and the specialized member
gonozooid – reproductive polyp that
produces medusae by budding
Hydra feeding - YouTube
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Obelia Structure and Life Cycle
Fig. 9.12
9-10
Polyp, Hydranth, Gonangium, Medusa
Definitions
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pol·yp A coelenterate, such as a hydra or coral,
having a cylindrical body and an oral opening usually
surrounded by tentacles.
hy·dranth A feeding zooid in a hydroid colony
having an oral opening surrounded by tentacles.
Gonangium A capsule developed on certain
hydroids inclosing the blastostyle upon which the
medusoid buds or gonophores are developed;
me·du·sa The tentacled, usually bell-shaped, freeswimming sexual stage in the life cycle of a
coelenterate, such as a jellyfish.
Portuguese man of war
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Physalia (means bladder)
called the Portuguese man-of-War
is a huge colorful floating medusa of
the tropics
can inflict painful stings
lacks swimming capabilities
Portugese Manowar - YouTube
Portuguese man of war
Class Scyphozoa
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means " cup animals " dominate life cycle is the
medusae
some are huge six footers like Cyanea (means darkblue)
most harmless some still can deliver painful stings
Aurelia
Rhopaliulm – sensory structures
Planula develops into poly called scyphistoma which
live 1-2 years. Budding produces minature medusae
called ephyrae
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Aurelia Life History
Fig. 9.16
9-13
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Structure of Scyphozoan Medusa
Fig. 9.15
9-12 Source: After L. H. Hyman, Biology of the Invertebrates, Copyright © 1940 McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.
characteristics

Scyphozoans share a number of attributes with other
cnidarians: (1) they typically possess tentacles, (2)
their symmetry is radial, (3) the body wall consists of
an outer epidermis and inner gastrodermis, separated
by a layer of jelly-like mesoglea, (4) the mouth is the
only opening to the digestive system, (5)
nematocysts or "stinging capsules", formed by
specialized cells called nematocytes, are present. The
medusae of Scyphozoa are unique in being typically
much larger and anatomically more developed than
the polyp.
moon jelly
Aurelia aurita
Reproductive pics. of aurelia
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Aurelia
scyphistoma
Aurelia early
strobila
Reproduction cont.
Aurelia late strobila
Aurelia ephyra
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Generalized Cnidarian Life Cycle
Fig. 9.11
9-9
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Structure of Gonionemus Medusa
Fig. 9.13b
9-11
Anatomy
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1. Manubrium
2. Gonads
3. Tentacles
4. Radial canal
5. Circular
(ring) canal
6. Statocyst
Class Cubozoa
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means " cube animals "
= are similar
= strong swimmers that eat fish
= Example: Tripedalia cystophora (3 rudder)
= a dangerous member is Chironex (sea
wasp) which has a sting that can kill a human
in 20 minutes
Video: Deadly Sea Wasp
Cubozoa Pictures
Chironex fleckeri – Sea Wasp
Cubozoa – sea wasp
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It is a jellyfish (Chironex fleckeri). The "bell" of this box jelly can
get as big as a basketball with up to 60 tentacles hanging down
as long as 15 feet, which is pretty good sized jelly. Not as big as
the world-record jellyfish, though
Not everyone who has been stung by a Sea Wasp has died, but
those who didn't may have wished they had. The sting from a
box jelly is said to be excruciatingly painful. It can cause
nausea, vomiting and breathing problems. The Aussies have
developed an antivenom (something to counteract the toxic
effects of the jelly's venom). Doesn't do you a lot of good if you
got stung so badly while you were out in the water and then
couldn't even make it back to shore. But, you really need to get
tangled up good (contacting at least 10 feet of tentacle) in
order to experience its ultimate effect - death.
Sea wasp cont.
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Location: Off the north coast
of australia, and in the waters
off southeast asia.
Stats: The venom from a
single creature can kill up to
60 adults. Get stung by one
and you have anywhere from
30 seconds to four minutes to
get help or die!
Class Anthozoa
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means " flower animals "
always polyps, colonial or solitary, no
medusae stage, found in all depths and in all
oceans
anthozoa differ from hydrozoans in 3 ways.
1. the mouth of an anthozoan leads to the
pharynx
2. mesenteries (membranes) that bear
cnidocytes and gonads on their free edges
divide the gastrovascular cavity into sections
3. the mesoglea contains amoeboid
mesenchyme cells
3 classes
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sea anemones
- outside radial inside biradial symmetry
- solitary frequently large
- siphonoglyph – ciliated tract that moves water into the
gastrovascular cavity
- glides on pedal disc, crawls on side, walks on
tentacles, some float by using a gas bubble
- feed on invertebrates or fish
- asexual – regeneration, budding---- sexualmonoecious ( self fertilization does not occur sperm and
egg develop at different times is known as protandry) or
dioecious
Video -- Clownfish and Sea Anemone Partnership -National Geographic
Pictures of Sea Anenomes
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Structure of an Anemone
Fig. 9.19
9-14 Charles Lytle and J. E. Wodsedalek, General Zoology Laboratory Guide, 11
th
Hill. Reprinted by permission of The McGraw-Hill Companies.
ed., Complete Version, New York, McGraw-
2 other classes of Anthozoa
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Corals – stony corals
same as sea anemones but lack
siphonoglyphs
reproduce same as anenomes
Octacorallian- warm water
8 featherlike tentacles, create the gardens of
a coral reef Ex: Renilla (sea
pansy) Ptilosarcus (sea pen) Gorgonia (sea
fan)
Corals
Octacorallian Pictures
Coral Reefs
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Very productive ecosystems with a great diversity of
life
hermatypic (reef-building) and coralline algae are the
major players
as many as 300 common fish species can inhabit a
reef
the ecosystem is very efficient at recycling
Why are reefs so very important ?? (at least 3
reasons)
What is destroying the reefs? (at least 7)

corals
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Longitudinal Section of a Stony Coral Polyp
Fig. 9.20
9-15
Phylum CTENOPHORA
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means " comb bearing "
* marine, less than 100 species; almost all freeswimming
*spherical form but some are flattened and/or
elongated
* colloblasts – adhesive structures
*2 small anal canals
*monecious
* 8 rows of comblike plates for motion
* commonly called " sea walnuts " or " comb jellies "
* only 1 species has nematocysts
* weak swimmers but easily seen due to bioluminesce
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Ctenophore Mnemiopsis
Fig. 9.22
9-16
Class Tentaculata
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has the example-- Pleurobrachia
it looks like an egg with 2 long tentacles
All in this class have two tentacles; a characteristic
species is Hormimorpha plumosa seen right. Some in
this class are flattened into a ribbon-like shape along
the plane of the tentacles and have an undulatory (To
cause to move in a smooth wavelike motion. To give a wavelike
appearance or form to.) motion.
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Other Ctenophores are Beroe which is pink and
conical
Cestum called Venus' Girdle
Mnemiopsis along the Gulf Coast
Ctenophores
Class Tentaculata
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Cladogram of Cnidarian Taxonomy
Fig. 9.23
9-17
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Coral Reef Ecosystem
Page 139
9-18 Photo © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Barry Barker, Photographer
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Coral Bleaching
Page 139
9-19 Photo © Diane Nelson
• Man-Of-War Jellyfish
• The Portuguese Man-of-War, or Physalia physalis ( in Greek this means air
bubble ) is most often thought of as a jellyfish but in fact it is not in the true
jellyfish at all. It belongs in the family of Hydrozoans.
• Another common error is that that it is thought to be a single organism. The
truth is that a Man-Of-War consists of four different organisms.
• Pneumatophore - This is the gas filled float, or baloon looking portion, that
glides on the surface of the water. It is a modified version of a polyp and is
inflated with a carbon monoxide gas.
• Dactylozooids - These are the tenticles that extend down below the float.
They are the mechanism that catches, stings, and brings its food to the
feeding organism.
• Gastrozooids - This is the 'digestive' organism. Think of it as an elongated,
external, hollow mouth that extends itself to encompass the food item.
• Gonozooids - These are the reproductive organisms.
• For as feared as the Man-Of-War is, especially by other fishes, there is one
fish ( Nomeus sp.) that is immune to the stinging tenticles. This fish spends
most of its time amougst these tenticles either for protection, or possibly as a
decoy to lure in other fishes.
• Bizarre creatures