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CPSC 567 and 609 Foundations of Multi-Agent Systems Winter 2017 Jörg Denzinger ICT 752 [email protected] http://www.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~denzinge/ 1. Introduction 1.1. Organization Lectures: TR 15:30 CPSC 567 and CPSC 609 combined Main assignment: Team project: write a team of agents that work together rescuing people buried under rubble after a disaster struck a city (simulation within the ARES system) Additional assignments: CPSC 567: Individual report on team system Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger Organization (cont.) Additional assignments: CPSC 609: Team report on team system Midterm paper on cooperation concept Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger Determining your grade (609) Individual component: Midterm paper 20% Oral exam 30% Team component Implemented multi-agent system 30% Report about system 20% If the individual component gives me doubt about the contribution of a student to the team, his/her grades for the team will be lowered! Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger Determining your grade (CPSC 567) Individual component: Individual system report Oral exam Team component Implemented multi-agent system 30% 40% 30% If the individual component gives me doubt about the contribution of a student to the team, his/her grades for the team will be lowered! Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger More Information Course webside: http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~denzinge/ courses/cs609-winter2017.html http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~denzinge/ courses/cs567-winter2017.html Internet Recommended papers Talk to me, ask questions, send me email. Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger 1.2 Motivation Avatar Blackboard Game theory Intentions Robo-Cup Desire Cooperation Vickrey auction Commitment Competition Belief Teamwork negotiations Adversary! Multi-Agent Systems Contract-net ? Market mechanisms Jörg Denzinger MAS and related areas (in Computer Science) Artificial Intelligence Planning Learning Knowledge representation / logic Distributed Systems Efficient Algorithms Security Robotic (graphical) user interfaces Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger MAS and related areas (outside Computer Science) Business Science / organizational theory / market studies Game theory Psychology Sociology Arts All kinds of Simulations Soccer ... Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger Goals of MAS (I) In general: higher efficiency, faster answers, better solutions Especially: Synergy (the whole is more than the sum of its parts) Additional goals: Adequately modeling given distributions (functional, spatial, etc.) Improving adaptability, extendability, reliability of systems ( software engineering) Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger Goals of MAS (II) Easy integration of existing systems, achieving open systems ( software engineering) More cost efficiency by specialization and distribution of tasks More security and safety by autonomy and isolation Usage of computer networks for AI applications Simulating human approach to hard tasks: computer (program) as colleague or part of a colleague Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger Basic problems (I) Modeling agents degree of autonomy degree of willingness to collaborate degree of intelligence complexity Construction of a community (society, organization) of agents communication control Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger Basic problems (II) different roles division and assignment of tasks distribution/assignment of resources Utilizing a community of agents environment constraints/conditions to keep fulfilled efficiency reuse of components Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger Solution approaches (I) Adaptation of human forms of organization political structures organization of business companies groups in society Negotiation concepts for solving conflicts detection of conflicts determining scope of conflicts protocol for solution process Game theoretical concepts, for example utility (payoff) matrixes Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger Solution approaches (II) Knowledge representation techniques standards for information exchange, like FIPA initiative or KIF Different concepts for modeling agents, for example modal logics, state automata, rule based modeling,… Tools for realizing MAS MAS languages Test beds, like OLEMAS and ARES Groupware ... Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger (Intended) Structure of the course (I) 1. Introduction 1. Organization 2. Motivation 3. A little history 2. Single-agent systems 1. Formal definitions and properties 2. Modeling of agents 3. Multi-agent systems 1. Formal definitions and properties Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger (Intended) Structure of the course (II) 3. 2. Interaction and cooperation concepts 3. Competitive agent environments 4. Learning in MAS 1. Learning in general 2. From single-agent to multi-agent learning 3. Examples 5. Testing MAS 6. Larger examples (if time permits) Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger 1.3. A little history of MAS 1975 Hearsay-II, Blackboard systems (Erman, Lesser) Beings: knowledge as interacting experts (Lenat) 1977 Actor model, message passing (Hewitt) 1980 First workshop on Distributed AI, MIT Contract-net protocol, negotiations as cooperation concept (Smith) 1981 IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics special issue on DAI: Organizational View on Distributed Systems (Fox) The Scientific Community Metaphor (Kornfeld, Hewitt) Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger 1981 Functionally accurate cooperative distributed systems (Lesser, Corkill) 1982 Synchronization of plans for agents (Rosenschein) 1983 Open Systems (Hewitt, de Jong) 1984 Modeling of Beliefs, Desires and Intentions (Levesque) Actions in plans for multi-agent systems (Georgeff) 1985 Pursuit Game as testbed (Benda, Jadannathan, Dodhiawala) 1986 Cooperation without Communication, Utilizing game theory (Rosenschein) Classification dimensions of DAI approaches (Sridharan, ed.) Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger 1989 First MAAMAW, Cambridge Reinforcement Learning (Watkins) 1990 First MACC Agent-oriented programming (Shoham) Learning in multi-agent systems (Sian) User agents, personal assistant (Hammainen et al.) (Pan, Tenenbaum) 1991 Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) (Interlingua Working Group) Teamwork concept (Denzinger) 1993 Founding Workshop of German DAI group, Saarbrücken 1994 Softbots (Etzioni, Weld) Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger 1995 First ICMAS, San Francisco 1996 First RoboCup, Kyoto Founding of FIPA-Initiative 1997 First Autonomous Agents conference 1998 Agents World, Paris Start of the AgentLink program of EU 1999 First IAT, Hong Kong Internet of Things mentioned by Kevin Ashton 2001 First RoboCupRescue competition 2002 First AAMAS in Italy First Trading Agent Competition (TAC) First Workshop on Teaching MAS at AAMAS Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger 2006 First ART Competition (Using the Agent Reputation and Trust Testbed) Most influential paper award at AAMAS First COMMA (Computational Models of Argument) Conference in Liverpool 2007 First SASO (Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems) Conference at MIT 2016 IAT rolled into Web Intelligence conference ICA started as alternative In general, trend towards specialized conferences and sub-areas breaking away from the field Other disciplines making use of MAS: security, Internet of Things, etc. Multi-Agent Systems Jörg Denzinger