Download TREE SPECIES FOR PLANTING AT THE SIDES AND MEDIAN OF

TREE SPECIES FOR PLANTING AT THE SIDES AND MEDIAN
OF THE ROADS IN
RAMACHANDRA T.V1,2,3.
BENGALURU
HARISH R.BHAT1
GOURI KULKARNI1
1.
Energy and Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy
2.
Centre for Sustainable Technologies [CST], Indian Institute of Science
3.
Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable Transport and Urban Planning [CiSTUP], Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012
Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable Transport and Urban Planning [CiSTUP],
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012
http://cistup.iisc.ernet.in
ENVIS Technical Report: 79
July 2014
Environmental Information System [ENVIS]
Centre for Ecological Sciences,
Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore - 560012, INDIA
Web: http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/hpg/envis
http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/
http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity
Email: [email protected],
[email protected]
[email protected]
TREE SPECIES FOR PLANTING AT THE SIDES AND
MEDIAN OF THE ROADS IN BENGALURU
RamachandraT.V1,2,3*, Harish R. Bhat1, Gouri Kulkarni1
1.
Energy and Wetlands Research Group, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore 560012, India.
2.
Centre for Sustainable Technologies [CST], Indian Institute of Science
3.
Centre for Infrastructure, Sustainable Transport and Urban Planning [CiSTUP], Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore 560 012
*E Mail for communication: [email protected], [email protected] [080-22933099]
Bengaluru / Greater Bangalore / Bruhat Bengaluru / Bangalore (77°37’19.54’’ E and
12°59’09.76’’ N) is the principal administrative, cultural, commercial, industrial,
and knowledge capital of Karnataka state. Bangalore city’s population has increased
enormously from 6,537,124(in 2001) to 9,588,910 (in 2011), amounting to a decadal
growth of 46.68%. With this, the population density has increased from as 10,732 (in
2001) to 13,392 (in 2011) persons per sq. km.
The vegetation of Bangalore was
classified as dry deciduous forest-type under the Terminalia-Anogeissus latifolia-Tectona
series. The city had enjoyed salubrious climate throughout the year prior to the
industrialization era. Land use analysis based on the fusion of Resourcesat-2 MSS data
with Cartosat 2 shows that the spatial extent of tree vegetation in Bangalore is 100.02
sq.km (14.08%).
Urban vegetation includes trees, shrubs and herbs on public and private lands (parks,
streets, backyards), all interspersed within a landscape dominated by paved surfaces. This
kind of vegetation plays a vital role in moderating micro climate, sequestering
greenhouse gases (CO2, etc.) and also in aiding the percolation of water. Estimates
indicate that about 6 tons of carbon is sequestered by 1 hectare of forests annually and
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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this averages out as the carbon sequestration of 6 kg/tree/year. Per capita respiratory
carbon ranges from 192 to 328 kg/year depending on the physiology of humans.
Generally, the carbon dissipated through respiration varies from 525 to 900
gm/day/person. This means 32 to 55 trees per person in a region is required to exclusively
mitigate respiratory CO2.
Maintenance of green cover is the need of the hour in urban areas with increase in paved
surfaces due to urbanisation. Selection of plant species for planting at the sides and
median also require utmost care. Exotic species flower greatly, but fail to stand during
harsh wind and after certain age the strength of the root fails to hold the tree to the soil,
and hence fall during monsoon, which creates major problem. In the past and also
traditionally, native tree species were being selected for avenues and also at the fringes,
which are quite strong, provides fruits and shade for the needy. These native tree species
are a source of nectar, food for several species of birds and insects. In this regards, it is
suggestible to plant native tree species at the sides and the median of ring roads. Median
of the roads needs smaller trees that do not obstacle the movements of vehicles and do
not cause problem further. Hence, selection of the plant species for median of the roads
is also important. The following section, lists the tree species to be considered for
planting along road sides and median.
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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Description of the trees suggested for planting at sides of the roads:
1. Pongamia pinnata (Honge Mara)
Description:
It is a deciduous tree that grows to about 15-25 meters in height with a large canopy of
leaf cover that spreads equally wide. The leaves are a soft, shiny burgundy in early
summer and mature to a glossy, deep green as the season progresses. Small clusters of
white, purple, and pink flowers blossom on their branches throughout the year, maturing
into brown seed pods. The tree is well suited to intense heat and sunlight and its dense
network of lateral roots and its thick, long taproot make it drought tolerant. The dense
shade it provides slows the evaporation of surface water and its root structures promote
nitrogen fixation, which moves nutrients from the air into the soil.
Local names: Indian Beech, Pongam, Honge, Ponge, and Karanj
Flowers and Fruits: summer
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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2. Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit)
Description: A tree with milky latex well suited to tropical lowlands. The leaves are dark
green, leathery and shining. Its fruit is the largest, seldom less than about 25 cm (10 in) in
diameter. Even a relatively thin tree, around 10 cm (4 in) diameter, can bear large fruit.
The jackfruit is something of an acquired taste, but it is very popular in many parts of the
world. The sweet yellow sheaths around the seeds are about 3–5 mm thick, but milder
and less juicy.
Local names: Jack fruit; Katahal
Flowers and fruits: Summer
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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3. Mangifera indica (Mango trees)
Description:
Grows to 35-40 m in height, with a crown radius of 10 m. The leaves are dark green,
alternate, simple, 15-35 cm long and 6-16 cm broad; when the leaves are young they are
orange-pink, rapidly changing to a dark glossy red, then dark green as they mature. The
flowers are produced in terminal clusters 10-40 cm long; each flower is small and white
with five petals 5-10 mm long, with a mild sweet odor. After the flowers finish, the fruit
takes from three to six months to ripen. The ripe fruit is variable in size (right image) and
color, such as yellow, orange, red or purple.
Local names: Mango, Aam
Flowers and fruits: Winter to Summer
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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4. Syzigium cumini (Jamoon)
Description:
An evergreen tropical tree 50 to 100 ft. tall, with oblong opposite leaves that are smooth,
glossy; they have a turpentine smell. The bark is scaly gray and the trunk forks into
multiple trunks about 3 - 5' from the ground. Jamun has fragrant white flowers in
branched clusters at stem tips and purplish-black oval edible berries. The juicy fruit-pulp
contains resin, gallic acid and tannin; it tastes usually from acid to fairly sweet. The
somewhat astringent, jamun fruit can be utilized for juice. This berry has only one seed.
Local names: Java plum, jamun, black plum, Indian blackberry
Flowers and fruits: Winter to summer
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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5. Azadirachta indica (Neem)
Description:
A fast growing tree that can reach a height of 15-20 m (about 50-65 feet. The branches
are wide spread. The fairly dense canopy may reach the diameter of 15-20 m in old. The
trunk is relatively short, straight and may reach a diameter of 1.2 m. The bark is hard,
fissured or scaly, and whitish-grey to reddish-brown. The sapwood is greyish-white and
the heartwood reddish when first exposed to the air becoming reddish-brown after
exposure. The root system consists of a strong taproot and well developed lateral roots.
The flowers (white and fragrant) are arranged more-or-less drooping clusters which are
up to 25 cm long. The fruit is a smooth drupe which varies in shape from elongate oval
to nearly roundish.
Local names: Neem, Bevu
Flowers and fruits: Winter to summer
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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6. Ficus bengalensis (Banyan)
Description:
The Banyan is a tree with a huge spread with characteristic aerial roots which upon
touching and entering the earth, draws sustenance from the earth, thickens/lignifies and
becomes a new trunk. The vine like aerial roots plunging down from the main limbs of
the tree form a network of trunks with surface roots spreading in all direction. The leaves
are leathery and oval shaped with the berry or figs emerging in pairs which are globose
and ripen to a red colour. Typically the flowers – male and female and gall flowers all
grow radially inwards towards the centre of the hollow berry or fig. The tree is evergreen
though briefly leafless at the peak of the hot season in dry localities.
Local names: Banyan, Nyagrodha, Bargad, Aladha mara
Flowers and fruits: Throughout the year
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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7. Ficus religiosa (Sacred Fig, Pipal)
Description:
It is a large dry season-deciduous tree up to 30 m tall and with a trunk
diameter of up
to 3 m. The leaves are heart shaped with a distinctive extended tip; they are 10-17cm long
and 8-12cm broad, with a 6-10cm petiole. The fruit
green ripening purple. This plant is considered
is a small fig 1-1.5cm diameter,
sacred by the followers of Hinduism,
Jainism and Buddhism, and hence the name 'Sacred Fig' was given to it. Siddhartha
Gautama is referred to have been sitting underneath a Bo Tree when he was enlightened
(Bodhi), or "awakened" (Buddha).
Local names: Bodhi, Pipal (peepal, peepul, pippala, pimpal, etc.), arali or Ashvastha
Flowers and fruits: December to March
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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8. Michelia champaca (Champak)
Description:
This small tree has alternate, lanceolate leaves to over 20 cm long that are slightly
curved. The flowers are fragrant, a mustard yellow colour, and in each flower the
ovaries are free from one another. The central stalk or receptacle elongates and bears
the developing fruits along it. When fully developed each individual fruit is about 2.5
cm long, with a reddish tinge and whitish pustules; this follicle opens to release orangered seeds.
Local names: champaka, champak or champac, champa, sampige and shamba
Flowers and fruits: December to April
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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9. Ficus racemosa (Fig)
Description:
Tree growing up to 10-16m tall with grayish bark. Leaves are 7.5-10cm long, ovate or
elliptic in shape, dark green. Flowers are in the form of fruit, visible when cut open. The
fruit in large clusters, arising from main trunk or large branches.
Local names: Indian Fig, Atthi mara, Udumbara
Flowers and fruits: Throughout the year
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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10. Butea monosperma (Flame of the forest)
Description:
It is a medium sized dry season-deciduous tree, growing to 15 m tall. The leaves are
pinnate, with an 8-16 cm petiole and three leaflets, each leaflet 10-20 cm long. The
flowers are 2.5 cm long, bright orange-red, and produced in racemes up to 15 cm long.
The fruit is a pod 15-20 cm long and 4-5 cm broad. It is said that the tree is a form of
Agnidev, God of Fire. It was a punishment given to Him by Goddess Parvati for
disturbing Hers and Lord Shiva's privacy.
Local names: Flame of the forest, Mutthuga, Kinshuk, Palash, Dhak
Flowers and fruits: January to May
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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11. Cassia fistula (Golden Shower Tree)
Description:
It is a medium-sized tree growing to 10-20 m tall with fast growth. The leaves are
deciduous or semi-evergreen, 15-60 cm long, pinnate with 3-8 pairs of leaflets, each
leaflet 7-21 cm long and 4-9 cm broad. The flowers are produced in pendulous racemes
20-40 cm long, each flower 4-7 cm diameter with five yellow petals of equal size and
shape. The fruit is a legume is 30-60 cm long and 1.5-2.5 cm broad, with a pungent odour
and containing several seeds.
Local names: Kakke mara, suvarnaka, bendra lathi, golden shower, Indian laburnum
Flowers and fruits: March to May
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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12. Polyalthia longifolia
Description: It is erect tree up to 4 m high. Leaves alternate, narrow-lanceolate, simple,
shortly-petiole, acute, shining. Inflorescence a panicle, sometimes in a short-peducled
umbel, sepals 3, free, triangular, apex reflexed. Fruit a berry, ovoid, reddish black, seeds
smooth.
Local name: Ulkat, Kastadaruha (Sankrit); Debdari, Ashoka (Hindi); Madras Ashoka
(Kannada)
Flower, Fruit: March – April
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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13. Bauhinia variegata
Description: It attain moderate sized tree upto 6 m high. Leaves alternate, simple,
coriaceous, cordate. Inflorescence corymbose raceme, terminal or axillary. Petals ovateoblong, clawed, prominently nerved, usually one of them brightly coloured. Fruit a pod,
flat, glabrous, prominently veined when dry dehiscent.
Local name: Kanchanara (Sanskrit), Kachnar (Hindi), Kempu mandara (Kannada)
Flower, Fruit: November – February
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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14. Lagerstroemia speciosa (Pride of India)
Description: A medium size handsome deciduous tree. Leaves are simple, large,
elongate, elliptic, short-stalked that turn red before falling. The rose-like flowers (about
4.5-5 cm. across) with crinkly petals and numerous stamens are most attractive and are
displayed on large, erect clusters at branch ends. Fruits are woody, spherical (about 2 cm.
dia.) and dehisce into a fruit-cup-like structure with five or more spreading lobes of the
fruit wall. Bark is pale-brown, smooth or flaking thinly.
Local name: Pride of India, Queen Crape Myrtle (English), Jarul (Hindi)
Flower, Fruit: March-June
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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Description of the trees suggested for planting at
median of the roads:
1. Muntingia calabura (Singapore cherry)
Description:
It is a small tree 7-12 meters tall with tiered and slightly drooping branches. It has
serrated leaves 2.5-15 cm long and 1-6.5 cm wide. The flowers are small and white, gives
rise to 1-1.5 cm light red fruit. The fruit is edible, sweet and juicy, and contains a large
number of tiny (0.5 mm) yellow seeds. It is a pioneer species that thrives in poor soil,
able to tolerate acidic and alkaline conditions and drought. Its seeds are dispersed by
birds and fruit bats. It is cultivated for its edible fruit, and has become naturalised in some
other parts of the tropics, including southeastern Asia.
Local names: Gasgase hannu, Singapore cherry
Flowers and fruits: Throughout the year
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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2. Gmelina arborea (Gamhar, Shivani)
Description:
The tree attains moderate to large height up to 30 m with girth of 1.2 to 4.5 m with a clear
bole of 9-15 m. It has a smooth whitish grey (ashy) corky bark, warty with lenticular
tubercles exfoliating in regular patches when old. It is a treat to see the tree standing
straight with clear bole having branches on top and thick foliage forming a conical crown
on the top of the tall stem. Flowers are bright yellow coloured and attractive. The bark is
light grey coloured, exfoliating in light coloured patches when old, blaze thick, a
chlorophyll layer just under the outer bark, pale yellow white inside. wood is pale yellow
to cream coloured or plukish-buff when fresh, turning yellowish brown on exposure and
is soft to moderately hard, light to moderately heavy, lustrous when fresh, usually straight
to irregular or rarely wavy grained and medium course textured.
Local names: gambar, khumbhari, kumbuda, kumulu, shivani
Flowers and fruits: February to April
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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3. Saraca asoca (Sita Ashoka Tree)
Description: The tree attain moderate height up to 7 m high. Bark pink-brown, relatively
smooth, but inconspicuously and irregularly fissured. Leaves are large, compound, and
alternate with strap-like leaflets. Flowers are 1.5 to 2 cm long, attractive and clustered in
axillary inflorescences. Fruit is a few-seeded oblong pod.
Local name: Ashok, Anganapriya, kenkalimara (Kannada)
Flower and fruit: March to August
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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4. Pavetta indica (Paapate gida)
Description: It is an erect, nearly smooth or somewhat hairy shrub 2 to 4 meters or more
in height. Bark grey, smooth and irreuarly scaly when mature; blaze greenish cream. The
leaves are elliptic-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, 6-15 cm long, and pointed at both ends.
The flowers are white, rather fragrant, and borne in considerable numbers in hairy
terminal panicles. The sepals are very small, and toothed. The flower-tube is slender and
about 1.5 cm long, with obtuse petals about half the length of the tube. The flowers
attract butterflies and insects. The fruit is black when dry, and about 6 mm in diameter.
Common name: Indian Pavetta, Indian Pellet Shrub, Kankara, Kathachampa (Hindi),
Pavati (Kannada).
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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5. Ixora brachiate
Description: It is a small tropical tree found in evergreen forests of southern parts of
India, attain to 10 m tall. Oppositely arranged leaves, 14-16 x 3.5-6.5 cm, are ellipticoblong or elliptic-obovate, with obtuse tip and acute base. Flowers are white, small,
sessile, and fragrant, in terminal panicled cymes. The branches of the clusters are red in
color and the flowers are tiny white. Flower tube is 5-6 mm long, narrow, with petals 2
mm long, oblong, bent abruptly backward. Berry, globose, 0.6 cm long, reddish when
ripe.
Local name: Gorbale (Marathi)
Flowering: December-February.
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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6. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Parijata)
Description: Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is a shrub or a small tree growing to 10 m tall, with
flaky grey bark. The leaves are opposite, simple, 2–6.5 cm broad, with an entire margin.
The flowers are white corolla woth an orange-red centre, five to eight lobed and fragrant,
they are produced in clusters of two to seven together, with individual flowers opening at
dusk and finishing at dawn. The fruit is a heart-shaped to round capsule 2 cm diameter,
with two sections each containing a single seed.
Common name: Har singar, Coral Jasmine, Tree of Sorrow, Queen of the night, Har
singar, Paarijat (Hindi)
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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7. Gardenia gummifera
Description: It is a small tree which grows up to 3 meters. They are evergreen shrubs
and small trees growing to 1-15 m tall. The leaves are 5-50 cm long and 3-25 cm broad,
dark green and glossy with a leathery texture, opposite or in whorls of three or four,
calyx up to 1 cm long, pubescent, teeth 5-6, short, triangular. Corolla-tube 2.5 – 5 cm
long, white, turning yellow. Berry ellipsoid or oblong upto 4 cm long striate, crowned
with the persistent calyx.
Flower: March – May
Local name: Naadihingu (Sanskrit), Dikamali (Hindi), Bukki gida (Kannada)
8. Ervatamia heyneana (Nandi batlu gida)
Description:
A small deciduous tree with white flowers and orange-yellow follicles, the seed arils red.
Bark grey, wood white and pale grey in streaks, smooth, moderately hard. Leaves
elliptic-oblong or lanceolate, shortly acuminate at apex. Corolla- tube thick 8-1 in. long
dilated at top, calyx-lobes obtuse or emarginated, thick,
Local name: Nag kuda
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads
in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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Prominent trees of Bangalore
Bauhinia purpurea L.
Common name: Butterfly tree
Family: Fabaceae
Description: A medium-sized tree up to 6.5 m high.
Leaves alternate, simple, broadly ovate-orbicular, cleft
to middle, lobes rounded. Inflorescence a raceme.
Flowers are in a panicle, rose to pink. Fruit a pod, flat,
pubescent.
Flowering and fruits: October and May
Native: India, Burma, Vietnam
Location: Malleshwaram, Mahalakshmipuram,
Yeshwanthpura, Jaynagar East, Jayanagar,
Rajarajeshwari nagar, Sadashiva Nagar. Cultivated as
avenue tree.
Bombax malabaricum DC.
Common name: Red silk-cotton tree
Family: Bombacaceae
Description: A tall native with straight trunk that is
covered with hard, sharp, conical prickles. Leaves are
large with 3-7 lanceolate to oval leaflets having pointed
apex. Flowers are large clustered at the end of branches.
Fruit ovoid in shape with five partitions. Seeds are
covered with silky white hairs.
Native: India
Flowering and fruits: February – March
Location: Malleshwaram, M.G Road, Sadashiva Nagar.
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the
roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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Cassia spectabilis DC.
Common name: Popcorn bush cedar
Family: Fabaceae
Description: A medium sized tree with dense canopy.
Leaves are pinnately compound. Flowers yellow in
terminal corymbose panicles. Fruit is a long compressed
and dehiscent pod.
Flowering and Fruits: March –October
Native: Tropical Southeast Asia
Location: Malleshwaram, Sanjay Nagar, Sankey Road,
M.G Road, Yeshwanthpur, Rajaji Nagar. Dr Rajkumar
ward.
Cocos nucifera L.
Common name: Coconut palm
Family: Arecaceae
Description: A monoecious palm with regular leaf
scars. Leaves are pinnately compound. Flowers are in a
branched spadix, male flowers are small and many. Fruit
is a drupe. Endocarp is lined with hallow endosperm,,
which is edibe.
Flowering and Fruits: Throughout the year
Native: Indo-Pacific
Location: Rajaji Nagar, Mahalakshmi layout,
Rajajeshwari Nagar, Basveshwara Nagar, Jayanagar,
Yeshwanthpur, Yelahanka. Commonly occur in
residential area.
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the
roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
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Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.
Common name: Gulmohur
Famliy: Fabaceae
Description:Moderate sized tree upto 9 m high.
Leaves alternate, bipinnate, upto 40 cm long.
Inflorescence a corymb. Fruit a pod, long, black,
when dry, upto 50 cm long, septate within.
Flowering and fruits: April - June
Native: Madagascar
Location: Rajajeshwari Nagar, Malleshwaram, Rajaji
Nagar, Shankar Mutt, Seshadripuram, Yelahanka.
Cultivated as avenue tree.
Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thwaites
Common name: Mast tree
Family: Annonaceae
Description: Tree up to 4 m high. Leaves alternate,
simple, shortly-petoiled undualate, acute, shining,
membranous when young. Inflorescence a panicle,
sometimes in a short-peduncled umbel. Fruits a berry,
ovoid, reddish black.
Flowering and Fruits: March –April; April –May
Native: South India
Location: Yeshwanthpur, Rajajinagar, Vijaynagar,
Malleshwaram, Mahalakshmipuram. Cultivated as
avenue tree.
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the
roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
26
Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv.
Common name: African tulip tree
Family: Bignoniaceae
Description: Glabrescent evergreen tree, upto 20 m
high. Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, ovatelanceolate, entire. Flowers in terminal racemes or
panicles. Capsule linear-lanceolate, acuminate at both
ends.
Flowering: December –March Fruits: April-July
Native: Tropical Africa
Location: Malleshwaram, Rajajinagar, M.G Road,
Sanjay Nagar, Sadashiva nagar, Raj Rajeshwari
Nagar, Vijay nagar, Hebbal. Cultivated as avenue
tree.
Millingtonia hortensis L.f.
Common name: Indian cork tree
Family: Bignoniaceae
Description: Tree with drooping upto 16 m high.
Leaves opposite, simple, 2-3-pinnate upto 30 cm.
inflorescence a terminal corymbose panicle. Fruit an
elongated capsule, flattened, dehiscent, leathery.
Flowering and Fruits: April –May
Native: Myanmar
Location: Dr. Rajkumar ward, Malleshwaram,
Yeshwanthpur, Jaynagar, Sadashiva nagar. Cultivated as
avenue tree.
Pongamia pinnata
Common name: Indian elm
Family: Fabaceae
Description: Moderate sized tree upto 7 m high.
Leaves alternate, pinnate, stipules small, oblong,
cadcous. Inflorescence a panicled raceme, axillary
and terminal. Fruit a pod, oblong-obovoid,
compressed, woody. Seeds solitary, reniform, brown
at both ends.
Flowering and Fruits: March – April
Native: India
Location: Malleshwaram, Mahalakshmipuram,
Basaveshwara Nagar. Yelahanka.
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the
roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75, ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
27
Sl.
No
1
Species
Pongamia
pinnata
Common
Name
Indian
Beech,
Pongam,
Honge,
Ponge
Flowering &
Fruiting
Root
Benefits to
Dependent
Growth rate and
ecosystem/
Species
requirements
urban area
Description of the trees suggested for planting at sides of the roads
Flower:
It has a
It is semiIt attracts bee
Height: 9 to 12 m
March-April.
good
deciduous,
species such as
Spread: 9 to 12 m
Fruit: Summer superficial
medium sized
Apis dorsata, A. Growth rate: fast.
thick long
tree, nitrogen
cerana indica,
taproot and fixing
Amegilla sp.,
Highest growth
condensed
leguminous
Megachile sp.,
rates are observed
network of
tree.
Xylocopa latipes on well drained
lateral roots
and X.
soils with assured
resist
It is used as
pubescens.
moisture.
drought.
beautification,
shade and
It can grow in
tolerant to
any type of soil.
environmental
stress.
Helps in
controlling soil
erosion and
binding sand
due to its
compressed
network of
rooting system.
Method of
propagation
Rate
It is propagated Rs.40/
by seeds and
-,
stem cuttings.
100/The seeds can be
sown in a pit
directly. The
seedlings are
also raised in
nursery bed and
then
transplanted to
the field after
one year.
The fresh seeds
are used for
sowing in the
month of MayJune.
One-year old
seedling are
planted in
months of JuneJuly.
Young plants
need water at an
interval of 30 35 days at for
one year
depending on
climatic
conditions.
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
Trees/k
m
83
trees/km
28
2
Artocarpus
heterophyllus
Jack fruit;
Katahal
Summer
The taproot
is tuberous
long further
it tapers
abruptly.
It offers many
environmental
services.
It grows
moderately
rapid in early
years and as it
reach maturity
growth
slowdown. It is
highly wind
tolerant.
The tree
canopy
provides
perennial cover
to the soil and
absorbing the
impact of rain
on the soil.
The small
mammals such
as common
marmoset and
coati depends on
jack fruit. Also
these mammals
prey
opportunistically
on bird's eggs
and nestlings,
the supply of
jackfruit as
source of food
has allowed
them to expand
their
populations, to
the detriment of
the local bird
populations.
Height: 8–25 m
Diameter: 3.5–6.7
m at 5 years of
age.
Growth rate: fast
It grows best in
well drained,
deep soils of
moderate fertility
but tolerates a
wide range of
soils types.
It is cold tolerate
and prefers
sunlight for best
growth.
Mangifera
indica
Mango,
Aam
Winter to
Summer
The mango
has a long
taproot that
of
ten
branches
just below
It is called
“king of
fruits”.
It encourages
water
Rs.15
0/(grafte
d)
82
trees/km
Rs.15
0/-
83 trees/
km
Seeds are sown
at a depth of 2
cm and can be
laid flat or
planted with the
hilum pointing
down.
When plants are
not growing
properly, about
10-15 kg of
farmyard
manure per
plant should be
applied.
One year old
bare seedlings
can be planted
in the field
during monsoon
season.
It also
increases the
soil fertility
and provides
the shade.
3
The tree does
not tolerate
waterlogging or
poor drainage.
Birds and small
mammals
dependent on the
mango fruits.
Honey bee
Height: 9 to 14 m
Spread: 9 to 12
m.
It is propagated
by seeds and by
vegetative.
Plant at the
beginning of the
rainy season.
The seedling are
sowed in the
nursery bed
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
29
ground
level.
Infiltration
which will help
to reduce
flooding.
Watering is
necessary till the
first year of the
plant. Tree grows
in full sun.
Particular
attention should
be paid to
weeding and
uprooting of
competing shrubs
where grafted
Mango has been
planted.
The ideal soil has
a fairly loose,
brittle, crumbly
structure.
Provides the
shade.
4
Syzygium
cumini
Java plum,
jamun,
black
plum,
Indian
blackberry
Winter to
summer
The taproot
is strong,
woody, and
prominent.
The tree
provides good
wind breaks.
It also provides
shelter.
Frugivorous
Birds are RedWhiskered
Bulbul
(Pycnonotus
jocosus),
Blossom-Headed
Parakeet
(Psittacula
roseate), WhiteCheeked Barbet
(Megalaima
viridis), Oriental
White-Eye
Growth rate:
rapid
Height: 10-30 m
Diameter: 11-12
m.
The tree favors
moist, damp or
marshy
situations, where
it
tends to form
gregarious crops.
first then can be
transplanted
into the fields
after 12 months.
Planting is done
during monsoon
at a distance of
8-9 m in dry
areas and 10-12
m in humid
areas.
Weeding should
be done
regularly to
facilitate proper
germination.
It is generally
propagated by
seeds, where the
soil is worked
beforehand in
lines about
30cm wide and
15 cm deep. The
fresh seeds are
sown because
they lose their
viability soon.
Rs.15
0/-,
Rs.35
0/(grafte
d)
Rs
50/(Seedl
ings)
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
50 trees/
km
30
5
Azadirachta
indica
Neem,
Bevu
February –
May.
Fruit: winter to
summer.
It has
strong root
system with
an
extensive
deep root
system and
The hardy
Neem can
grow
luxuriantly
even in
marginal and
leached soils.
(Zosterops
palpebrosus),
Crimson-Backed
Sunbird
(Nectarinia
minima),
Yellow-Browed
Bulbul (Iole
indica), PurpleRumped Sunbird
(Nectarinia
zeylonica),
Common Myna
(Acridotheres
tristis) and
Coppersmith
Barbet feeds on
the fruits.
Golden-Fronted
Leafbird and
Blue-Winged
Leafbird were
seen in the
foliage of S.
cumini. Bees are
also attracted to
the small whistle
flowers.
Birds which
feeds on neem
fruits are
Yellow-vented
Bulbul
(Pycnonotus
goiavier analis),
Black-naped
Initially it needs
shade.
It tolerates
prolonged
flooding, and
once established,
it can tolerate
drought.
Another
method: The
seedlings can be
transplanted
into the field
when they reach
height of 1 m or
after 12 months.
The spacing
should be 20 m.
the pit should
contain red soil.
The soil around
the roots should
be loosened
during the first
five years of
growth.
Planting is done
in the beginning
of rains.
Height: 12 to 15
m Diameter: 15
to 20 m.
The seeds can be Rs.40/
sown directly at -,
depth of 1 cm.
Rs.12
5/A neem should be It grows on
planted with a
saline and
distance between alkaline soils
tree rows of 25
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
50 trees/
km
31
lateral
roots.
It is a
drought
resistant
with a welldeveloped
root system.
Neem is a
useful species
for improving
soil fertility
due to the
quality of its
leaf litter.
It is a good
source of
carbon sink.
It is an
effective shade
tree widely
planted as an
avenue tree.
Improve the
quality of air.
Reduced the
noise pollution
6
Ficus
benghalensis
Banyan,
Nyagrodh
a, Bargad,
Aladha
mara
Throughout
the year
The taproot
is strong
and thick
more than
twice of the
thickness of
stem.
Ficus is
keystone
species and
have large
influence over
their ecosystem
in relation to
both their
Oriole (Oriolus
chinensis),
Common Myna
(Acridotheres
tristis), Asian
Glossy Starling
(Aplonis
panayensis
strigata), Pinknecked Green
Pigeon (Treron
vernans),
Lineated Barbet
(Megalaima
lineata
hodgsoni) and
Common Asian
Koel
(Eudynamys
scolopacea).
The honeyscented white
flowers, found in
clusters, are a
good source of
nectar for bees.
The figs are
eaten by the
birds and
mammals.
Fruit are key
resource for
some frugivores
includes bats,
m, a width of the
rows of 0.5 m and
distance between
trees of 4.5 m.
Young plants
cannot tolerate
intensive shade,
frost or excessive
cold.
The tree needs
little water and
plenty of
sunlight.
Grows well in
deep sandy loam
soil.
It requires light
for the growth.
It is very hard
species can come
having pH up to
9.8.
Planting should
be done during
July-August.
If the seedlings
are taken from
nursery then
one year old
seedling can be
transplanted
into the field
during monsoon
season.
It is propagated
by branch
cuttings of 2m -3
m in length.
Rs.15
0/-
Cuttings are
planted in 30
cube pits filled
with sand and
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
The
crown of
the tree
covers
nearly
half a
kilometr
e, so only
2 trees
32
abundance and
biomass.
It is National
tree of the
country. It
provides
shelter.
It has a very
strong root
system which
improves the
soil fertility
and water
retention
capacity in soil.
7
Ficus religiosa
Bodhi,
Pipal
(peepal,
peepul,
pippala,
pimpal,
etc.), arali
or
Ashvastha
December to
March
The root
system is
well
developed.
Peepal is
unrivalled for
its antiquity
and religious
significance.
Ficus religiosa
is large
deciduous tree
which improve
the ecological
capuchin
monkeys, langur
and mangabeys.
It is important
for some birds,
Asian barbets,
pigeons,
hornbills, figparrots and
bulbuls.
The Lepidoptera
caterpillars,
crow butterflies,
giant
swallowtail,
brown awl,
moths feed on
fig leaves.
up in crevices of
rocks.
The tree could
be shelter for
various birds
(Yellow-footed
Green Pigeon,
Jungle Myna,
and Chestnuttailed Starling)
and insects.
Provides food
for bats.
Height: 19 m
Growth Rate: 0.6
per Season
Longevity: 40 to
150 years.
watering daily
for first six
weeks. The top
end is sealed
with cow dung
and mud paste
to avoid drying
up.
can grow
in the 1
km.
The suitable
time for cutting
is January –
March.
Sowing is
normally carried
out in March –
April.
Watering should
be done twice a
day for the
initial of 15-20
days after
transplanting
and then once in
day till the
seedlings attain
a height of more
than 1.5 m.
It is propagated Rs.12
from seeds as
5/the cuttings do
not form roots
easily.
Watering should
be done twice a
day for the
initial of 15-20
days after
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
The
crown of
the tree
is round.
It covers
appropri
ately 3040 m. 25
trees
/km
33
sustainability
by carbon
sequestration.
It grows on a
wide variety of
soils but prefer
deep, alluvial
sandy loam with
good drainage.
The seeds are
spread on the
surface and
lightly covered
with soil.
Peepal releases
large quantities
of Isoprene a
volatile organic
compound
necessary for
preventing
depletion of
ozone layer
concluding that
these trees play
an important
role in
preserving
ozone layer.
8
Michelia
champaca
champaka,
champak
or
champac,
champa,
sampige
December to
April
The species
has deep
extensive
taproot
system.
Adaptable to a
number of
environments,
so long as the
climate is
reasonably
warm yearround.
Tolerate to dust
and smoke.
Improves the
soil fertility.
It is planted in
the avenue
road for
transplanting
and then once in
day till the
seedlings attain
a height of more
than 1.5 m.
The water is
necessary till the
tree attains
maturity.
It attracts birds
Growth rate:
Moderate
Height: 50 m
Nursery raised
seedling either
bare root or
with a ball of
earth can be
planted.
Rs.15
0/(grafte
d)
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
The
crown
shape
will be
conical
to
34
and
shamba
ornamental
purpose.
Watering can be
reduced after
establishment.
A general
fertilizer has to
provide before
new growth
begins in spring.
9
10
Ficus racemosa
Butea
monosperma
Indian Fig,
Atthi
mara,
Udumbara
Flame of
the forest,
Mutthuga,
Kinshuk,
Palash,
Dhak
Throughout
the year
January to
May
It has a
very strong
taproot
system
which
traveling
far beyond
the tree
canopy.
The tree is
very
drought
resistant
and frost
hardy.
It provides
shelter from
wind, protect
against
pollution, for
defining
boundaries and
for assisting in
the creation
of beautiful
landscape.
It is dry
deciduous tree.
Tolerant to
dust and smoke
and reduce
noise pollution.
cylindric
al. The
crown
size is 5
– 10 m.
Around
100 trees
/km.
The spacing
should be 10-15
cm.
It prefers shade
during hot
months hence it
should be raised
in gapregeneration
and underplanting areas.
Birds, monkey,
butterflies and
other mammals
feeds on the fruit
and also
provides shelter.
Watering is
necessary at the
initial stage of the
sapling growth.
A regular
watering is
required during
the first growing
season.
Propagation is
commonly done
by branch/stem
cuttings.
The flowers
contain nectar
which attracts
frequent visits of
many species of
birds; sunbirds,
mynahs,
Height: 13.7m
Width: 18.3m
Growth Rate:
Medium
Cuttings of 2 m
in length are
planted in July.
Cuttings are
planted 50-60
cm deep.
It is propagated
by seeds and
through
suckers.
Rs.12
5/-
Rs.12
5/-
The seeds are
sown in the
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
The
diameter
of the
crown is
40 to 45
m.
Around
22 trees
can be
planted
in 1 km.
The
crown
size is 10
m.
About
100
trees/1
35
The tap root
develops
like a tuber
upto some
length. It is
thicker than
the shoot.
11
Cassia fistula
Kakke
mara,
suvarnaka,
bendra
lathi,
golden
shower,
Indian
laburnum
March to May
It has
strong
taproot
system
It improves the
quality of soil.
It is deciduous
tree, mediumsized tree.
It is relatively
drought
tolerant and
slightly salt
tolerant.
Minimize the
pollution. The
crown of the
tree reduce
high
temperature.
Provides
shading,
improve air
quality.
hummingbirds
and babblers.
These flowers
are attractive to
bees and
butterflies.
Water
Requirement:
Average Water
Soil type: Loam,
Sand
Tolerances:
Drought
Seasonal Interest:
Spring, Winter.
Soil pH should be
Acidic, Neutral
and
Well drained soil
Drained.
Height: 5 m
Rate of Growth:
Fast
It is salt tolerant
at medium extant.
Requires deep,
well drained and
moderately fertile
soil.
Water
Requirements:
Medium drought
tolerance.
Nutritional
Requirements:
Balanced liquid
fertilizer
monthly.
nursery in the
month JuneJuly.
km can
be
planted.
One-year old
seedlings are
suitable for
planting.
The spacing
between
saplings should
be 20 m apart.
They are
propagated by
seeds. The seeds
are sown in
March-April at
the distance of
25 cm.
Rs.10
0/-
Pre-sowing seed
treatment is
done in water
for better
germination.
The
crown
shape is
irregular
and
crown
size is 5
– 10 m.
100 trees
can be
planted
in 1 km.
Watering is
required at the
initial days.
Full sunlight is
required.
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
36
12
13
Polyalthia
longifolia
Bauhinia
variegata
Ulkat,
Kastadaru
ha (S);
Debdari,
Ashoka
(H);
Madras
Ashoka
(K)
Kanchaval
a, Kachnar
March -April
It has a
single
taproot that
goes down
till it hits
water.
It is planted
due to its
effectiveness in
alleviating
noise pollution.
It provides
shade for
pedestrians.
Fruits are eaten
by birds or
monkeys.
Height: 30 m
Growth rate: very
fast
It requires full
sun light and
moderate amount
of water.
Proper pruning
and cutting is
necessary to
avoid falling.
November February
The taproot
is strong.
It is mediumsized
deciduous tree.
It provides
shade. It is
grown as
ornamental.
The flowers are
fragrant,
attractive to
butterflies, bees
and birds.
Height: 6m
The taproot
should be
handled carefully
during
transplantation.
It grows fast in
first season.
It is mainly
propagated by
seeds.
The seeds are
sown in AprilMay.
It is mainly
propagated by
seeds.
Rs.10
0/-
The
crown is
conical
in shape.
The
crown
size is
2m. 333
trees can
be
planted
in 1 km.
Rs.10
0/-
The
crown
size is 36 m. 166
trees/
km
Fresh seeds are
sown because
they lose their
viability in short
time.
The seeds can
also be sown
directly at
permanent sites.
Direct sowing:
The seeds are
sown 3m apart,
before
commencement
of the monsoon.
Weeding and
watering is
essential during
the first three
months of
growth.
If the seeds are
sown in raised
nursery beds.
After 12
months,
seedlings can be
transplanted
into the fields.
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
37
14
Lagerstroemia
speciosa
Pride of
India
March - June
It has wide
spreading
taproot
system
It provides
shade for
pedestrians.
It is tolerant to
drought.
It is grown for
ornamental
purpose.
It prevent soil
erosion.
Height: 20 m
It grows in
drained soil with
full sunlight.
It should be
transplanted
into 30 cm pits
at a distance of
6-8 m.
The seedlings
are raised in
nursery bed
and/or
containers.
One year old
seedlings are
suitable for
planting.
Rs.12
5/-
The
crown
diameter
is 5 to 10
m. 100
trees/km
Rs.40/
-
Crown is
spreadin
g and
has
drooping
branches
. The
crown
size is 510 m.
about
It gives better
success from
root and shoot
cuttings when
planted just
before the onset
of monsoon than
during
monsoon.
Description of the saplings suggested for planting at median of the roads
1
Muntingia
calabura
Gasgase
hannu,
Singapore
cherry
Summer
months.
Fruit:
throughout the
year
Wood is
compact,
finegrained,
moderately
strong and
light in
weight and
durable.
It is droughtresistant but
not salttolerant. Fast
growing tree
that makes for
a favorable
shade tree.
Fruits with sweet
aroma are
edible, and
attract birds,
bats, and
monkeys.
Height: 3-12 m
Width: 20 cm
Growth rate: very
fast
The seed requires
light to
germinate. Seed
requires high
temperature and
light conditions
for germination.
The plant is
propagated by
cutting.
The saplings
should be
planted 6-8 m
apart, in a pit
prepared with
mixture of sil
and decomposed
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
38
The seedlings do
not tolerate
shade. Water is
provided in
spring winter.
2
Gmelina
arborea
gambar,
khumbhari
,
kumbuda,
kumulu,
shivani
April – May.
Fruit: May –
June.
The roots
are strong
which are
situated
within 3 m
below soil
surface.
Helps to
conserve soil.
It is resistant to
drought, fire,
wind damage,
and high
intense heat.
The fruit of is
edible, attract
birds, bats and
other mammals.
Height: 35m
Diameter: more
than 3 m
Growth rate: Fast
It grow well in
wild sands on
deep clay loams.
Requires regular
watering. It takes
2-3 months to
raise Gmelina
seedling in
nursery.
manure or other
organic matter.
Annual pruning
has to be done
to shorten
branches to
avoid breakage.
It is propagated
by seeds. The
fresh seeds are
sown directly in
the permanent
place.
100 trees
can be
grown
along the
1 km.
Rs.10
0/-
The
crown
size is
5m. 200
trees/km
.
Rs.15
0/-
The
crown
size is 58 m.
Along
the 1 km
road 125
trees can
be
grown.
It does not grow
in sandy soils.
3
Saraca asoca
Sita
Ashok,
Achenge
March –
August.
Fruit: AugustSeptember
It has well
branched
taproot
system.
It is evergreen
perennial tree.
Air pollution
tolerant
species.
Tree produces
large bunch of
sweet smelling
flowers
throughout the
year which
attracts
butterflies and
birds. Bats
disperse the
fruits.
Height: 8.5m 15.2m
Growth Rate:
Slow
Soil pH: Acidic,
Neutral
Soil Drainage:
Well Drained
Soil type: Loam,
Sand
The seedlings
can be
transplanted
into the fields
after they are
one year old,
during the
monsoon season.
It should be
planted in 60
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
39
This tree also is
the larval food
plant of the
Tailed Jay
butterfly.
4
Pavetta indica
Indian
Pavetta,
Indian
Pellet
Shrub,
Pavati
April -June
It has much
branched
taproot
system.
It is evergreen
shrub.
Improve the
fertility of soil.
It is used as
ornamental
plant.
The flowers are
white, sweetly
scented flowers
attract many
pollinators such
as birds, bees,
wasps, beetles,
ants and
butterflies.
These in turn
attract birds and
other predators.
Birds love the
fruits and these
are obviously
distributed by
birds.
Water
Requirements:
Average Water.
The tree grows
well in partial
sunlight. It
requires organicrich fertile, moist
soil with an acid
pH. Potassium
fertilizer is
required.
Limited tolerance
to drought.
Height: 2-5 m
cubic meter size
pits.
The spacing
should be 10 m
apart.
The sapling
cannot
withstand direct
sunlight and
require a humid
atmosphere in
initial six
months of
growth.
Pavetta is
propagated by
seed, and
vegetatively by
cuttings. Seeds
of Pavetta
indica are sown
in a fibrous,
loam-based
medium, with
added sharp
sand and
charcoal.
Rs
50/-
The
crown
size is 58 m. 125
trees/km
Fertilizer can be
added, but the
presence of
nitrogenfixating bacteria
enables Pavetta
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
40
indica to thrive
in a nitrogendeficient soil as
well.
5
6
Ixora brachiata
Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis
Gorbale
(Marathi),
Gurani,
Kurati
(Konkani)
DecemberFebruary
Har
singar,
Coral
Jasmine,
Tree of
Sorrow,
Queen of
the night
August,
SeptemberOctober.
Fruit: AprilMay
It has
strong
taproot
system
The taproot
is strong.
A medium
sized evergreen
tree. It is
endemic to
Western Ghats.
It is used for
ornamental
purpose.
Nyctanthes
arbor-tristis is a
shrub or a
small tree.
Flowers are
white, scented
and fruit is
edible which
attracts birds and
butterflies.
Height: 10 m
Flowers are
small, delightful
fragrant which
attracts bees and
butterflies.
Height: 10 m
It grows well in a
wide variety of
loamy soils and it
requires sunlight
from full to
partial shade.
It is used for
ornamental
purpose.
Rs.40/
-
The
crown
size is
5m. 200
trees/km
.
Rs.40/
-
The
crown
size is 5
m.
About
200 trees
can be
grown
along the
1 km.
Rs
40/-
The
crown
size is 56 m. 166
shrubs/k
m.
Rs
40/-
The
crown
It requires regular
watering.
It require water
regularly but not
over watering.
7
8
Gardenia
gummifera
Ervatamia
heyneana
Gummy
gardenia,
Cambi
gum tree,
Kad Bikke
February October
Nagarkuda
,
March -April
The root
system is
strong and
deep.
It is evergreen
shrub. It is
used for
ornamental
purpose.
It produces a
small, sweet
fruit.
Endemic to the
Western Ghats.
Night-flying
moths are
Proper training
and purning is
required.
Height: 3 m
Regular watering
is required and it
requires sunlight
from full to
partial shade.
Height: 2-5 m
It is propagated
from seeds or by
layering.
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
41
Pandrakur
a
It is used for
ornamental
purpose.
attracted to the
flowers.
size is 58 m. 125
trees/km
.
Maintenance cost:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Each sapling need 2ft X 2ft width, 2ft depth pit.
Distance between 2 saplings is 15 to 20 feet.
Digging pits, Manuring, planting and closing the pit costs: Rs 200 per plant
Tree guard using natural material like bamboo and thorns costs: Rs 100 per plant; Using metal tree guard for 5 feet eight costs: Rs 1,000
per plants.
5) Maintenance for 3 years costs Rs 400 per plant.
6) Daily water during the first year
7) 2-3 days once watering in the 2nd and 3rd years
Sapling
Digging and planting
Tree guard
Number of avenue trees
Maintenance cost (watering, labour, etc.)
200-400 Rs per sapling
Rs 200 per sapling
Rs 100
40-50 trees per km per side
Rs. 150 per sapling during the first
year
Rs. 100 per sapling during the next
first
year
RamachandraT.V, Harish R. Bhat and Gouri Kulkarni, 2014. Tree species for planting at the sides and median of the roads in Bengaluru, ENVIS Technical Report 75,
ENVIS, Centre for Ecological Sciences, IISc, Bangalore 560012, Pp42
42
ENERGY AND WETLANDS RESEARCH GROUP
CENTRE FOR ECOLOGICAL SCIENCES
NEW BIOLOGY BUILDING, 3RD FLOOR, E-WING, LAB: TE15
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, BANGALORE 560 012
Telephone : 91-80-22933099/22933503(Ext:107)/23600985
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