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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Any power semiconductor system employed for rectifying, inverting, or otherwise modulating the power output of an ac or dc energy source is called a “CONVERTER SYSTEM” or “POWER CONDITIONING SYSTEM”. Objective: Adjustable ratio transformer: DC-to-DC, DC-to-AC, AC-to-DC, AC-to-AC DC DC AC AC 1:M Frequency = f2 Frequency = f1 Control STATIC CONVERSION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER TO SUIT SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS; TO BE ACHIEVED IDEALLY WITH 100% EFFICIENCY. REALIZATION Power Electronic Converter Power Input Power Output To the Controlled System (Example: DC Motor, Computer, Lamp ..) CONTROL ELECTRONICS (Analog/Digital, Microprocessors DSPs....) Feedback Signals (Speed, Voltage, Current, etc.) Fig. 1.1 Realization of power conditioning system. Bhat Ashoka ELEC410 Chapter-1 Introduction 1.1 Transformer Isolation: To step-up or step-down to match the load requirements & safety requirements. 1. Line-frequency (60 or 50 Hz) transformers – bulky and costly. 2. High-frequency (1 kHz to several hundreds of kHz) transformers – Small size, light weight and low cost. Types of Converter Systems: Type of conversion 1. AC-to-DC RECTIFIERS (Uncontrolled) Fixed ac to Fixed dc (Line (Diodes) Commutation) RECTIFIERS (Controlled) Fixed ac to Fixed or Variable (SCRs, IGBTs, MOSFETs, GTOs ...) dc (Line or Forced Commutation) 2. DC-to-DC 3. DC-to-AC Fixed (or variable) dc to Variable (or fixed) dc Inverters (Uncontrolled) Fixed voltage dc to Fixed ac Inverters (Controlled) Fixed (or variable) dc to Variable ac 4. AC-to-AC AC Voltage Controllers Fixed to variable ac Cyclo Converters Fixed ac to variable voltage & frequency (usually less than input frequency) Bhat Ashoka ELEC410 Chapter-1 Introduction 1.2 TABLE 1.1 Power Electronic Applications (1) Residential Space heating, Refrigeration and freezer, Air conditioning Cooking, Lighting (dimmers, CFL, LED lamps ..) Electronics (personal computers, battery chargers, other entertainment equipment) (2) Commercial Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning, Central refrigeration, Lighting, Computers and office equipment, Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), Elevators (3) Industrial Pumps, Compressors, Blowers and fans, Machine tools (robots), Arc furnaces, Induction furnaces, Lighting, Industrial lasers, Induction heating, Welding (4) Transportation Traction control of electric vehicles, Battery chargers for electric vehicles Electric locomotives, Street cars, trolley buses, Subways Automotive electronics including engine controls (5) Utility systems High-voltage dc transmission (HVDC), Static VAR generation (SVG) Alternative energy sources (wind, photovoltaic, fuel cells, ..) Energy storage systems, Induced draft fans and boiler feed water pumps (6) Aerospace Aircraft power systems, Space shuttle power supply system, Satellite power systems (7) Telecommunications Battery chargers, Power supplies (dc and UPS), Cell phones [Source: Mohan etal., “Power Electronics”, Book, 2003 and other] Bhat Ashoka ELEC410 Chapter-1 Introduction 1.3