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UNIT 8 – MOTIVATION, EMOTION AND STRESS Motivation - a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instinct (fixed pattern) - a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species. Instincts in animals Instincts in humans Drives and Motivations Drive-reduction theory - the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. Homeostasis - a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. Need Drive Drive reduction Incentive - a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior. Positive and negative Optimum Arousal Arousal Optimum level of arousal Yerkes-Dodson Law - the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases. A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needs - Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. Variations in the hierarchy Motivational Theories Strengths and Weaknesses The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach Washburn study Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose - the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. Insulin Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus Orexin Ventromedial Hypothalamus Appetite Hormones Ghrelin Obestatin PYY Leptin Set Point - the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. Basal Metabolic Rate - the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Taste preferences Genetic: sweet and salty Neophobia Adaptive taste preferences Situational Influences on Eating Do you eat more when eating with others? Unit bias Food variety Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism The genetic factor The food and activity factors Social Influence Introduction Aristotle’s social animal Need to belong – affiliation need The Benefits of Belonging Enhanced survival How belonging influences our thoughts and emotions Attachment Anxious attachment Insecure avoidant attachment The Pain of Being Shut Out Ostracism Cyberostaracism Anterior cingulate cortex Influences on behavior Connecting and Social Networking Cell phones Texting and email Facebook and twitter The Social Effects of Social Networking Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? Does electronic communication stimulate healthy self-disclosure? Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people’s actual personalities? Does social networking promote narcissism? Cognition and Emotion Emotions - a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience. Bodily arousal Expressive behaviors Conscious experience Historical Emotional Theories Common Sense Theory James-Lange Theory - the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. Cannon-Bard Theory - the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion. Lower spine injuries High spinal cord injury Cognition Can Define Emotion Schachter and Singer - the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) by physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. Two-Factor Theory Schachter-Singer Spillover effect Cognition May Not Proceed Emotion: Zajonc, LeDoux and Lazarus Robert Zajonc LeDoux’s High and Low Road Lazarus Embodied Emotion Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system arousing Parasympathetic nervous system calming Yerkes Dodson Law Fight or flee The Physiology of Emotions Insula Brain circuits Left frontal lobe Detecting Emotion in Others Nonverbal cues Duchenne smile Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior Culture and Emotional Expression The Effects of Facial Expression Facial feedback effect - the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, and happiness. Health psychology - a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine. Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress - the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging. Stress appraisal Stressors – Things the push our buttons Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles The Stress Response System Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) - Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhausion. Alarm Resistance Exhaustion Tend-and-befriend response - under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend). Introduction Psychophysiological illnesses - literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) - the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health. Lymphocytes - the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Macrophage Natural killer cells (NK cells) Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Stress and AIDS Stress and Cancer Stress and Heart Disease Coronary heart disease - the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. Type A - Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. Type B - Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.
