Download Nature: Friend or Foe w/HMR theme 6

Project GLAD
Washoe County School District NV
H/M Theme 6 Nature, Friend and Foe
Level 4
By Jeana Milligan and Jennifer Clements
Idea Pages
I.
Unit Theme
 Nature is unpredictable and can be helpful or harmful.
 Natural phenomena can change the physical environment and
the way humans interact with it.
 Adaptation: Living things adapt to survive as their
environments change.
 Evolution: Given time everything in nature changes.
II.
Focusing /Motivation (Launching the theme)
 Observation charts on different natural disasters
 Inquiry chart: What did you know about nature as a friend or
foe? What do you want to know about nature as a friend or
foe?
 Launching the Theme- see teacher manual page 626M
 Teacher-made Big Book – Important Book
 Super Geologist Awards
 Golden Pen Awards
 Cognitive Content Dictionary
 Personal Interaction: Which natural disasters are you most
interested in and why?
 Poetry and chants
III.
Closure
 Team poster report or media report on geological phenomena or
natural disaster
 Team or individual narrative, “Ask a Tree” exercise – see
teacher manual page 657Q
 Individual multi-paragraph expository research report
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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IV.
 Individual big picture project – build model of topic covered in
research report or address solutions to limit the environmental
impact by the natural disaster
Concepts: Taken from WCSD Science and Social Studies
Standards
Science
LIFE SCIENCE
Structure and Function
6.5.2 Investigate, compare, and contrast the different structures of organisms that serve
different functions for growth, reproduction, and survival.
Internal and External Influences on Organisms
7.5.3 Investigate and describe how some environmental conditions are more favorable
than others to living things.
EARTH SCIENCE
Rocks and Minerals
12.5.1 Explain that the surface of the Earth changes due to a variety of factors (e.g.,
some are abrupt volcanoes and earthquakes, and others happen very slowly, such as the
wearing down of mountains).
Weather
13.4.2 Identify and describe various meteorological phenomena (e.g. floods, drought)
13.5.2 Investigate and describe various meteorological phenomena (e.g., flooding,
thunderstorms, and drought).
13.5.3 Investigate and describe the factors which affect the processes such as
evaporation and condensation.
13.5.5 Investigate and describe how change is an ongoing process that can be seen
throughout the natural world.
NEVADA
Earth Structures and Models
11.5.1 Identify compass directions on a map.
11.5.3 Explain how many things can be represented by two-dimensional maps and threedimensional models.
Natural Resources
16.5.4 Explain that humans tend to use resources to meet more than their minimal needs
for food, shelter and warmth.
17.5.1 Investigate and describe how consumptive patterns of people vary in different
places.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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BASIC & INTEGRATED SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS
The following are essential to developing the content knowledge of science and have
applications across the curriculum. The process skills are often referred to as the “handson” or “inquiry” approach to science and should be used as a teaching strategy with the
previous Benchmarks.
18.4.4
18.5.6
19.5.4
20.5.1
20.5.2
21.4.1
21.5.1
21.5.3
22.5.1
22.5.2
22.5.3
23.5.1
24.5.4
Exchange scientific observations and ideas.
Explain that science is an ongoing process of investigation (inquiry).
Explain that claims must be supported by evidence and logical argument.
Develop a physical model to explain how something works or how something is
constructed.
Predict that some events are more likely to happen than others.
Conduct fair tests to make observations.
Keep records of investigations and observations, without changing those records
later.
Offer reasons for findings and consider the reasons suggested by others.
Give written or oral instructions that others are able to follow.
Organize information into charts, tables, and graphs.
Collaborate on a group project.
Explain that sometimes changing one thing causes changes in another.
Label measurements and diagrams properly.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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Social Studies
Geography
Content Standard 1.0: The World in Spatial Terms: Students use maps, globes, and
other geographic tools and technologies to locate and derive information about people,
places, and environments.
1.4.1 Identify and use intermediate directions on a compass rose to locate places on a
map.
1.4.7 Recognize that states are divided into counties or their equivalents and identify
their county of residence in Nevada.
1.4.8 Locate and name the major mountains, rivers, and lakes on a map of the United
States such as the Sierras, Rockies, and Appalachians; the Columbia, Colorado,
Missouri, Rio Grande, Mississippi, and Ohio; and the Great Salt Lake and Great
Lakes.
Content Standard 2.0: Places and Regions: Students understand the physical and
human features and cultural characteristics of places and use this information to define
and study regions and their patterns of change.
2.4.3 Describe the characteristics of another culture from their own point of view.
Content Standard 3.0: Physical Systems: Students understand how physical processes
shape Earth’s surface patterns and ecosystems.
3.4.1 Diagram and explain the water cycle.
3.4.2 Describe the effects of various natural hazards on the physical environment.
3.4.3 Generate examples of major ecosystems found in Nevada and the United States,
such as mountains, deserts, and forests.
Content Standard 4.0: Human Systems: Students understand how economic, political,
and cultural processes interact to shape patterns of human migration and settlement,
influence and interdependence, and conflict and cooperation.
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
Define and illustrate population density.
List reasons why people move to or from a particular place.
Describe changes in how people move from one place to another.
Locate and list examples of rural, suburban, and urban communities.
Content Standard 5.0: Environment and Society: Students understand the effects of
interactions between human and physical systems and the changes in use, distribution,
and importance of resources.
5.4.1 Describe a change that has taken place in their local environment.
5.4.3 Describe places in Nevada where the physical environment has been altered by
technology.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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5.4.4 Use maps or photographs to document human modification of the physical
environment.
Content Standard 6.0: Geographic Applications: Students apply geographic
knowledge of people, places, and environments to interpret the past, understand the
present, and plan for the future.
6.4.1 Describe the physical setting of an historical event.
6.4.2 Describe the physical setting of a current event.
6.4.3 Describe a contemporary issue from a spatial or ecological perspective.
Content Standard 7.0: Geographic Skills: Students ask and answer geographic
questions by acquiring, organizing, and analyzing geographic information.
7.4.5 Incorporate a visual display into a report about a geographic topic.
V.
Vocabulary
foe
nature
scavengers
flood
thunderstorm
earthquake
levee
saturate
lava
dry
moisture
lightning
tectonic plates
faults
storm chasers
flammable
water cycle
structures
species
deprived
erosion
surface
prairie
grassland
slumped
sharply
rain belt
density
timberline
frantic
ridge
awestruck
mass
warily
supporting detail describe
high pressure
gases
harmful
current events
natural resources tsunami
dependent
fertilize
abundance
drought
hurricane
seismic
El Nino
thunder
Richter Scale
consumed
condensation
flourished
warn
phonograph
trembling
sleet
stunned
debris
compare
temperature
map
oxygen
climate
cause
effect
wildfire
volcano
geology
geologist
eruption
magma
global warming
fuel
landforms
flashflood
ablaze
evaporation precipitation
hazards
landslide
corral
coyote
paddock
barrel
timbers
gale
fix
pucker bush
scrub
course
cinders
react
main idea
helpful
low pressure reservoirs
unstable
dormant
historical events
chemical reaction
dams
active
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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English/Language Arts
Reading:
Content Standard 1.0: Students know and use word analysis skills and strategies to
comprehend new words encountered in text.
1.4.2 Use knowledge of phonics, structural elements, and syntax to read and to
determine the meaning of unfamiliar multisyllabic words in and out of context.
1.4.3 Identify and use knowledge of common Greek- and Latin- derived roots and
affixes, synonyms, antonyms, homophones, and homographs to determine the
meaning of words in context.
1.4.4 Determine the meanings and other features of unknown words and derivations of
words, using dictionaries, thesauruses, CD Roms, encyclopedias, atlases,
almanacs and glossaries.
1.4.5 Use knowledge of vocabulary, word substitutions, and context clues to
determine meanings of unknown words.
Content Standard 2.0: Students use reading process skills and strategies to build
comprehension.
2.4.1 Identify pre-reading strategies such as accessing prior knowledge, predicting,
previewing, and setting a purpose to improve comprehension.
2.4.2 Select and use self-correcting strategies to gain meaning from text.
2.4.3 Apply skills and strategies of summarizing, making inferences, paraphrasing, and
drawing conclusions to aid comprehension.
2.4.4 Use note taking, outlining, and summarizing to organize and understand
information from text.
2.4.5 Adjust reading rate to suit difficulty and type of text.
Content Standard 3.0: Students read to comprehend, interpret, and evaluate literature
from a variety of authors, cultures, and times.
3.4.1 Use knowledge of character, setting, plot, conflict, and resolution to comprehend
a variety of works.
3.4.2 Make inferences about and compare character traits; make predictions about
conflicts and resolutions; check text for verification.
3.4.3 Identify cultural influences in literature.
3.4.4 Identify themes in a variety of reading selections.
3.4.5 Locate figurative language, including simile, metaphor, personification, idioms
and onomatopoeia in text.
3.4.7 Identify and explain structures of stories, plays, poetry, and non-fiction selections
with attention to author's style.
Content Standard 4.0: Students read to comprehend, interpret, and evaluate
informational texts for specific purposes.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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4.4.1 Use information from titles, tables of contents, chapter headings, glossaries,
indexes, illustrations, diagrams, charts, and maps to comprehend text.
4.4.2 Compare and contrast main ideas and important concepts of various texts.
4.4.3 Develop hypotheses based upon prior knowledge and information from a text.
4.4.4 Draw conclusions about text and support them with evidence from a variety of
sources, focusing on main ideas and details.
4.4.5 Identify authors’ purposes for writing.
4.4.6 Read and follow multi-step directions to complete a task.
Writing:
Content Standard 5.0: Students write a variety of texts that inform, persuade, describe,
evaluate, or tell a story and are appropriate to purpose and audience.
5.4.1
5.4.4
5.4.5
5.4.6
Write informative papers with a clear focus using a variety of sources.
Write responses to literary selections, using supporting details from the selection.
Write compositions with a main idea and supporting details.
Write short expository texts with supporting details to illuminate the main idea.
Content Standard 6.0: Students write with a clear focus and logical development,
evaluating, revising, and editing for organization, style, tone, and word choice.
6.4.1 Generate ideas for writing through discussions and individual activities such as
brainstorming, clustering, and listing.
6.4.2 Organize ideas through activities that draw upon sequencing and classifying skills
such as listing, webbing, and mapping.
6.4.3 Write compositions of at least one paragraph with a main idea and supporting
details.
6.4.4 Revise drafts to improve meaning and focus of writing by adding and deleting
words, sentences, and ideas.
6.4.5 Edit for use of standard English.
6.4.6 Produce writing with a voice that shows awareness of an intended audience and
purpose.
6.4.7 Share drafts with others and consider making revisions based upon written
responses and peer feedback.
Content Standard 7.0: Students write using standard English grammar, usage,
punctuation, capitalization, and spelling.
7.4.1 Identify and correctly use pronoun/antecedent agreement, subject/verb
agreement, and verb tenses in writing simple, compound, and complex sentences.
7.4.2 Write compound and complex sentences.
7.4.3 Use correct punctuation in compound sentences, commas in a series, dates,
locations and addresses; use apostrophes in irregular and plural possessives and
contractions.
7.4.4 Use rules of capitalization.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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7.4.5 Use correct spelling of frequently used words, applying various spelling strategies
and high-frequency spelling rules.
Listening and Speaking:
Content Standard 8.0: Students listen to and evaluate oral communications for content,
style, speaker’s purpose, and audience appropriateness.
8.4.1 Interpret speaker’s verbal and non-verbal messages and distinguish fact from
opinion.
8.4.2 Listen to identify how speaking techniques are used to convey a message.
8.4.4 Follow spoken directions to complete a complex task.
Content Standard 9.0: Students speak using organization, style, tone, voice, and media
aids appropriate to audience and purpose.
9.4.1 Select and use varied vocabulary and apply standard English to communicate
ideas.
9.4.2 Select and use appropriate public speaking techniques such as rate, pace, and
enunciation.
9.4.3 Give organized presentations that demonstrate a clear viewpoint.
9.4.4 Read aloud and recite literary, dramatic, and original works.
9.4.5 Give clear and concise directions to complete a task.
Content Standard 10.0: Students participate in discussions to offer information, clarify
ideas, and support a position.
10.4.1
10.4.2
10.4.3
10.4.4
Contribute to and listen attentively in conversations and group discussions.
Ask and answer questions with relevant details to clarify ideas.
Share ideas, opinions, and information clearly and effectively.
Identify and express opinions and state facts.
Research:
Content Standard 11.0: Formulate research questions, use a variety of sources to obtain
information, weigh the evidence, draw valid conclusions, and present findings.
11.4.1 Formulate research questions and establish a focus and purpose for inquiry.
11.4.2 Use a variety of library resources, media, and technology to find information on a
topic.
11.4.3 Give credit for others’ ideas, images, and information by listing sources used in
research.
11.4.4 Organize and record information, using note taking from print and non-print
resources.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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ESL Performance Standards
Reading:
1.0
Students know and use word analysis skills and strategies to comprehend new
words encountered in text in English.
2.0 Students use reading process skills and strategies to build comprehension in
English.
3.0 Students read to comprehend, interpret, and evaluate literature from a variety of
authors, cultures, and times.
4.0 Students read to comprehend, interpret, and evaluate informational texts in English
for specific purposes.
Writing:
4.0 Students write a variety of texts that inform, persuade, describe, evaluate, or tell a
story in English, appropriate to purpose and audience.
5.0 Students write with a clear focus and logical development, evaluating, revising, and
editing for organization, style, tone, and word choice.
6.0 Students write using standard English grammar, usage, punctuation, capitalization,
and spelling.
7.0 Listening and Speaking:
8.0 Students listen to and evaluate oral communications for content, style, speaker’s
purpose and audience appropriateness.
9.0 Students speak English using organization, style, tone, voice, and media aids
appropriate to audience and purpose.
10.0Students participate in discussions to offer information, clarify ideas, and support a
position in English.
VI.
Resources and Materials
Nonfiction
 Children of the Dust Bowl: The true Story of the School at Weedpatch Camp
by Jerry Stanley
 Disaster! Droughts by Dennis Brindell Fradin
 Lighting by Seymour Simon
 A True Book: Thunderstorms by Paul P. and Diane M. Sipiera
 Natural Wonders and Disasters by Billy Goodman
 Earthquakes by Seymour Simon
 A True Book: Earthquakes by Paul P. Sipiera
 Volcanoes by Seymour Simon
 Hurricanes by Seymour Simon
 Flash, Crash, Rumble, and Roll by Barbara and Ed Emberley
 Storms by Seymour Simon
 Natural Disasters: Tsunamis by Samantha Bonar
 A New True Book: Tornadoes by Arlene Erlbach
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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Fiction
 Houghton Mifflin Reading Series, Level 4, Theme 6
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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Project GLAD
Washoe County School District
H/M Theme 6 Nature, Friend and Foe
Level 4
By Jeana Milligan and Jennifer Clements
Unit Planning Pages
I.
FOCUSING/MOTIVATION (Launching the Theme)
 Teacher-made Big Book
 Read alouds – variety of sources, HM
 Poetry and Chants
 Observation Charts
 Inquiry Chart
 World Map of Natural Phenomena
 Super Scientist Awards
 Golden Pen Awards
II.
INPUT
 Read aloud
 10/2 lecture
 ESL preview/review
 Pictorial Input – World Map
 Pictorial Input – “Skylark” Characters, introduce key
vocabulary
 Narrative Input – “Skylark” from HM
 Expert groups
III.
GUIDED ORAL PRACTICE
 T-Graph for social skills
 Poetry and chants
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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







Choral reading
Farmer-in-the-Dell (Sentence Patterning Chart)
Numbered Heads Together
Picture File Cards
Personal interactions
10/2s
Author’s Chair
Expert groups
IV. READING/WRITING
A. Whole Group
 Process Grid
 Cooperative Strip Paragraph – Natural Disasters
 Poetry frame – “Here, there” frame
 Story map – “Skylark” by Patricia MacLachlan
B. Small Group/Cooperative Group/ Flexible Group
 ELD Group frame – “Skylark” narrative retell
 Leveled reading groups
 Clunkers and Links for at or above grade level readers
with SQ3R
 Cooperative Strip Paragraph for just below grade level
readers
 Expert groups 1-4
 Team tasks (during leveled reading time)
 Team project
C. Individual Choices/Portfolios/Tasks
 Learning logs
 Research report
 Interactive journal writing
 Cognitive Content Dictionary
 Independent reading
D. Writer’s Workshop
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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



Mini-lessons
Plan, share, write, revise, edit, publish
Conferencing
Author’s chair
V.
EXTENDED ACTIVITIES FOR INTEGRATION
 View movie, “Skylark”
 Poster report to inform about a natural disaster
 Video report – news story on a natural disaster
 Present a play or skit about a natural disaster
 Model of a geological phenomena
VI.
CLOSURE
 Group presentations of projects
 Individual presentations of research report
 Teacher-made unit test
 HM Test
 Running records
 Process charts and inquiry chart
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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GLAD Component
Focusing/
Motivation






Input


Week 1
Cognitive Content
Dictionary (CCD)
daily
Super Scientist
Awards
Observation Charts
Launching the
Theme pages
626M-626N
Inquiry Chart:
What do you know
and want to know
about natural
disasters?
Teacher-made big
book
World Map
Pictorial of Natural
Disasters
Read alouds from a
variety of sources
(daily)
Week 2
----------CCD daily--------------
Week 3
-----------CCD daily-------------
Week 4
------------CCD daily------------
Week 5
-----------CCD daily-----------
----Super Scientist Awards----
-----Super Scientist Awards---
----Super Scientist Awards----
-----Super Scientist Awards---

Introduce Golden
Pen Awards

Comparative
Pictorial: wildfires
vs. droughts
Read alouds from a
variety of sources
(daily)


Read alouds from a
variety of sources
(daily)
Add tectonic plates
to the world map
of natural disasters
Narrative Input:
Skylark

Read alouds from a
variety of sources
(daily)

Read alouds from a
variety of sources
(daily)
Shared Reading “I
Know a Dry Land”
and walking the
process grid

Farmer-in –the
Dell- use wildfires
as the plural noun

Process Grid Game
Whole Group

Skylark (Narrative)
Small Group

Guided
Reading/Leveled
readers

Shared Reading:
review all charts w/
word cards, poems,
farmer-in-the-dell,
and walk the
process grid.

Shared Reading:
review all charts w/
word cards, poems,
farmer-in-the-dell,
and walk the
process grid.


Guided Oral
Practice


Reading
Shared Reading
“Nature” chant, do
a 3 syllable word
hunt
Review world map
w/ word cards
Whole Group

Salmon Summer
Small Group

Guided
Reading/Leveled
readers

Expert Groups
1&2


Shared Reading
“I’m a wildfire”
Review
comparative w/
word cards
Whole Group

Wildfires
Small Group

Guided
Reading/Leveled
readers

Expert Groups
3&4
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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14
Whole Group

Lost on a Mountain
in Maine & The
Volcano Disaster
Small Group

Guided Reading/
Leveled readers,
ELD Group
Frame-retell
Skylark, Coop
Strip Paragraph for
Small Group

Guided
Reading/Leveled
readers, ELD
Group Frame-retell
Skylark
Writing
Closure/
Assessment
Whole Group

IAW/IAE How-to
paragraph 653K
Writing Prompt
How-to prepare
yourself for a
natural disaster
Small Group

Team Tasks-world
map pictorial,
CCD, team How-to
paragraph, team 3syllable word hunt
Individual

Learning Logs

Independent
paragraph using
practice book page
200 to write own
How-to paragraph

Process inquiry
chart
Whole Group

IAW/IAE Prompt:
Wildfires as a
friend and foe
Small Group

Team Tasks:
practice book page
186 Nature: Friend
and Foe,
comparative input
pictorial, suffix
word hunt
Individual

Learning Logs

Interactive Journals

Write a magazine
article that informs
and describes the
Yellowstone fire
focusing in on how
it was a friend and
how it was a foe

Process inquiry
chart
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
Whole Group

Coop Strip
Paragraph: Class
report on a natural
disaster-use
process grid to
help, read alouds,
and pictorials as
resources
Small Group

Team Tasks:
process grid,
farmer w/ adverbs,
Here, There chant
adding in adverbs,
coop strip
paragraph
Individual

Multiple paragraph
report on a natural
disaster taken
through the writing
process-use
process grid to
help, read alouds,
and pictorials as
resources

Process inquiry
chart
15
struggling readers
Whole Group

Complete class
coop strip
paragraph
Small Group

Team Project:
poster report to
inform about a
natural disaster,
video report or
news story on a
natural disaster,
write play about a
natural disaster
Individual

Multiple paragraph
report on a natural
disaster taken
through the writing
process

Narrative retell of
Skylark

Poetry- Here,there
chant or free
choice

Process inquiry
chart
Small Group

Complete team
projects
Individual

Complete report,
narrative retell, and
poetry



Process inquiry
chart
Teacher-made test
Team and
individual
presentations
Superscientist text (just add pictures):
Lightning bolts travel at speeds up to 60,000 miles per hour.
Lightning is a flash of electricity traveling through the air. A lightning bolt travels
in twisted paths about as wide as one of your fingers and six to ten miles long.
Thunderstorms happen when warm, moist air currents rise from the ground that
meet very cold air currents. Rain, hail, thunder and lightning can occur.
Thunderstorms provide rain in dry seasons.
Sometimes power outages, flash floods, strong winds, hail and tornadoes can
happen when there are thunderstorms. Many times people lose their lives.
Wildfires need three ingredients
to happen: fuel, oxygen and heat.
Wildfires destroy the homes of plants,
animals and humans. Sometimes
humans lose their lives.
Some wild fires occur because dried plants
accumulate on the forest floor.
By not allowing small fires to burn, fuels grow
on the forest floors, and wildfires result.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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After wildfires occur, new plant life begins to grow.
Sequoias and other trees only release their seeds after the heat of a fire.
During and after fires, scavengers like bears, coyotes, foxes, hawks, falcons,
and ravens feast on animals driven from their homes.
Floods are too much water than is needed or expected. They can be only
inches of water or may cover a house to the rooftop.
Flooding destroys vegetables, fruits, and grains. Animal life is threatened
and some die. In urban areas, homes, businesses, schools, and parks are
damaged or destroyed. Diseases like cholera and malaria can spread.
Some people are fortunate and are rescued
during floods, while others lose their lives.
Floods sometimes occur after heavy, intense rain or hurricanes. The soil
becomes over-saturated with water, and runs over drainage ditches and
protective barriers.
Urbanization or building cities over wetland areas cause floods because
excess water has no place to collect.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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Earthquakes happen along fault lines in the Earth’s crust.
Earthquakes cause the ground to shake, buildings to crack or crumble, and
trigger landslides. Many people have lost their lives during earthquakes or
just afterwards because the buildings and soils are unstable.
When earthquakes happen, some landforms change. Mountains,
lakes and ponds have been formed because of earthquakes.
When the earth’s tectonic plates move, earthquakes occur in weak spots
where two plates meet. The movement is called seismic activity.
Most scientists use the Richter scale to measure earthquakes. The Richter
scale measures the magnitude or size of an earthquake, beginning with the
number l. The higher the number the greater damage an earthquake has
caused.
Volcanic eruptions occur when cracks or holes that poke through the earth’s
crust allow magma to push its way up through the cracks. When the magma
comes to the surface it is called lava.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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A volcano can be two things: a hole in the ground that lava
comes through, or a hill or mountain formed by the lava.
Volcanic eruptions actually help us on Earth. The ashes
carry minerals and nutrients that fertilize the soil, which encourages
new plant growth, and abundant harvests of fruits, grains and vegetables.
Hot gases, rocks and ashes
explode with incredible force
from the mouth of the volcano.
Hot Spot volcanoes have lava that is
thin and flows quickly like a river.
Volcanic eruptions occur when the tectonic plates move, and
hot magma rises to the surface through weak areas of the Earth’s
crust. Lava, smoke and ashes are spewed from the mouth of the
volcano.
Pyroclastic flow volcanoes cause more death and destruction because they
spew avalanches of hot rock, gas and ash that race down the volcano slopes.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Big BookText
Nature: Friend and Foe
By Jennifer Clements & Jeana Milligan
The important thing about natural disasters is they usually bring people together,
and renew nature’s balance while causing significant destruction and grief. (top of
every page)
But, the important thing about natural disasters is they can be a friend and foe.
(bottom of every page)
 Volcanic eruptions have been known to wipe-out complete villages that are in
the lava flow path, however mountains can be formed and volcanic ash
fertilizes the soil. (page 1)
 Farmers grow crops near rivers and streams knowing that flooding is
inevitable. The silt from flood waters replaces nutrients that have been
removed from years of farming. The enriched soil can lead to abundant
harvests for the following years. Flood waters destroy crops and often delay
replanting for a period of time. The temporary effects are loss of income for
the farmer, lower food production, and higher prices at the grocery store.
(page 2)
 Wildfires are a natural part of the forest life cycle. For example, some trees
are dependent on cycles of fire to grow and release seeds for new plant life.
Contrary to what we believe, most animals are able to flee the burning area
and find new places to live or return later. Wildfires can consume homes
within the fire range and some people lose their lives. When plants and trees
are destroyed it leads to soil erosion and the chances of flooding increases.
(page 3)
 When earthquakes occur, the movement of Earth’s plates changes the surface.
Mountains are pushed up, volcanoes are born, and valleys widen. All add to
the beauty of our world. However, when large earthquakes shake near largely
populated areas buildings collapse, fires ignite from leaking gas lines, power
outages occur, and some people lose their lives. (page 4)
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Poetry Booklet
Name ________________________
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Nature
Nature here, nature there,
Nature’s a friend or foe everywhere!
Fierce hurricanes roaring,
Gentle snow falling,
Aggressive wildfires burning,
And dormant volcanoes sleeping.
Earthquakes trembling across the city,
Wildfires renewing life throughout the forest,
Floods surging through the wetlands,
And rainstorms moistening over the thirsty land.
Nature here, nature there,
Nature’s a friend or foe everywhere!
Nature! Nature! Nature!
By Jeana Milligan and Jennifer Clements
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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I’m a Wildfire
I’m a wildfire, hot and bright,
Chemical reactions release heat and light,
There are three things I need:
Fuel, oxygen and heat.
I’m a WILDFIRE!
I’m a WILDFIRE!
Sometimes I’m helpful did you know?
People think I’m just a foe.
Renewing forests, releasing seeds,
I’m part of a cycle that’s a fact of life.
I’m a WILDFIRE!
I’m a WILDFIRE!
Small fires are natural for me,
Eliminates dead wood and leaves don’t you see?
Excess fuel makes me get out of hand,
Then a major disaster destroys homes and land.
I’m a WILDFIRE!
I’m a WILDFIRE!
By Jennifer Clements and Jeana Milligan
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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I Know a Dry Land
I know a dry land,
An abnormally dry land,
An abnormally, prolonged dry land,
Where a drought is occurring.
Agriculture declines greatly,
Water quality suffers,
Bushfires and dust storms increase.
Everyone feels the impact.
I know a dry land,
An abnormally dry land,
An abnormally, prolonged dry land,
Where a drought is occurring.
By Jeana Milligan and Jennifer Clements
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)
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Nature: Friend and Foe
Level 4
Expert Group: Floods
Floods are the most common natural disaster and are best
described as too much water in areas where it isn’t needed or wanted.
Floods can either be a few inches of water or can cover an entire house.
They are a natural part of the way the world works.
Floods happen wherever there are rivers and coastal regions.
Rivers will always overflow their banks and high tides and winds will
combine to push the ocean up over coastal regions.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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There are many causes that lead to floods. Heavy intense rain
from storms like hurricanes cause ocean waves to surge over the beach
areas and riverbanks. Urbanization, the removal of natural plant life
and soil, adding parking lots and buildings, causes water to collect and
rush to the rivers where flooding occurs. On mountainsides,
deforestation or removing groves of trees, takes away a natural sponge
which keeps water from filling the rivers rapidly and overflowing their
banks.
The effects or results of floods can be helpful. The rich soil draws
people to the flood-prone areas for farming. When flooding occurs, silt
or fine, mineral-rich particles replace nutrients that have been removed
from the soil due to years of intensive farming. Soon after a flood,
people rebuild their homes and replant their crops in the newly
enriched soil.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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The harmful effects of flooding are many and can be catastrophic.
A torrential flood can sink and wash away homes as well as damage
various other properties such as electrical goods and vehicles. This is a
great loss for residents. Public property damage to roads, buildings,
telephone and electrical infrastructures is a great loss to all. Crops die
in the prolonged accumulation of flood waters in the plantation areas.
Many crops cannot survive in such conditions and is a devastating loss
for farmers. The worst effect of floods is on one’s health. Human waste
accumulates in flood waters resulting in diseases such as cholera and
malaria. Loss of life can be great depending upon the size of the
effected flood zone.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Nature: Friend and Foe
Level 4
Expert Group: Earthquakes
Have you ever felt an earthquake? An earthquake is a sudden
shock of the Earth’s crust which causes shaking, rattling, and rolling.
They usually happen along fault lines and last no longer than a minute.
Earthquakes have different levels of intensity ranging from major to
minor. Their intensity is measured using a Richter Scale. A 3.0
earthquake on the Richter Scale is a minor earthquake and may not be
felt by most people. A 6.5 quake is considered a major earthquake and
can result in great destruction and loss of life. Earthquakes that happen
in an urban area are more devastating than those which occur in a rural
area due to population density.
The Earth has three layers. The crust, where we live, is broken
into big section called plates. They fit together like pieces of a puzzle
and are like rafts floating on the ocean. The second layer, the mantle,
contains hot magma which circulates below the plates causing them to
move. The third layer is the core or the center of the Earth. Faults are
weak spots where the plates meet in the Earth’s surface. Earthquakes
occur when the plates move and they are mostly felt along the fault
lines.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Earthquakes shake, rattle, and roll wherever plates meet. There
are 10 large plates and 20 smaller ones. We live on the North American
Plate. (show map of plates)
Although earthquakes can be disastrous, they remind us that the
Earth is always changing and evolving. Even though we build buildings
to withstand large quakes, man cannot always overcome the powers of
nature. Changing landforms are not always a bad thing. In fact, they
add to the beauty of our Earth. Mountains and valleys are formed by
plate movement.
Earthquakes can result in massive destruction and loss of life.
They are more harmful in a densely populated area than in a less
populated area. The power of earthquake causes damage to both
populated and unpopulated areas. When buildings are built on loose
gravel or sand they suffer the greatest damage because the ground is not
hard or stable. Also poorly constructed buildings collapse more easily
and cause greater loss of life. In urban areas, gas lines and water pipes
break, fires start, and there’s little or no water to put out fires.
Earthquakes that take place below the ocean may cause tsunamis which
are huge walls of sea water that travel at speeds of 300-600 miles per
hour. If they hit land, it is mass devastation for the people in their
paths.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Nature: Friend and Foe
Level 4
Expert Group: Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanoes can be two things: holes in the ground that lava comes
through, or hills or mountains formed by the lava. Earth scientists have
divided volcanoes into four groups. Strato-volcanoes are built up in
layers of fiery liquid rock known as lava and solid debris blown out of
the craters. Cinder cone volcanoes look like upside-down ice cream
cones. When they erupt, the ashes and cinders build up to form the
cone shape. Shield volcanoes form when runny lava flows quietly out of
a vent and spreads a long way forming a large, gently sloping volcano.
Last, caldera volcanoes eject so much lava that the upper slopes collapse
inward creating a huge crater.
There are more than 1,300 volcanoes worldwide. 600 are
classified as active. The others are either dormant, quiet for centuries,
but could become active again, or dead meaning they are not expected
to erupt.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Volcano eruptions don’t just happen anyplace. The Earth’s crust
is broken into huge sections like a giant cracked eggshell. These pieces
are called tectonic plates. The layer under the Earth’s crust is like a
river of hot liquid rock called magma. Most volcanic eruptions take
place where two plates meet, when hot magma rises to the earth’s
surface through a weak area.
Volcanic eruptions happen on all continents and in the oceans,
but most occur along the edges of the Pacific plate. As a result, the
shoreline of the Pacific Ocean is called the “Ring of Fire.”
Volcanic eruptions cause what appears at first, to be severe
damage. But in a few short months life renews itself. Plants start
growing, and insects and animals return. New mountains, new islands
and new soil are brought from the fiery explosions.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Volcanic eruptions damage or wipe out animal and plant life in
the path of the lava flow. Most animals and humans have some warning
and are able to escape with their lives. However, some eruptions have
occurred so quickly humans and animals have tragically lost their lives.
After an eruption happens, flooding often results because the rivers,
lakes, and streams are filled with debris that clog the water flow. The
smoke and ash from eruptions cause changes in weather patterns, and
create hazards for commuters because they have difficulty operating
machinery or seeing when driving or flying.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Nature: Friend and Foe
Level 4
Expert Group: Severe Thunderstorms
One of nature’s most powerful creations is a thunderstorm.
Thunderstorms are storms resulting from warm. Moist, rising air
currents and are accompanied by rain or hail along with thunder and
lightning. They usually last 30 minutes and are about 15 miles in
diameter, but sometimes are much larger. They generally occur in the
spring and summer mostly in the afternoon when the ground
temperature is hottest.
Weather changes can cause thunderstorms to form. There are
some basic ingredients needed for a severe thunderstorm to develop.
The first ingredient is warm, moist air from the equator. The second, is
a cold front from the cool, dry polar regions. A cold front is the edge of
a huge mass of cold air that pushes warm air out of the way. A strong
upward movement of air, an updraft, is created by the cold front and
clouds form. Severe thunderstorms develop along, or in front of an
approaching cold front. These storms can bring strong winds, hail,
tornadoes, heavy rain, and lightning.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Thunderstorms occur in every U.S. state and approximately 1800
thunderstorms are happening at any moment around the world. One of
the best places in the United States to watch a thunderstorm is the
Grand Canyon in Arizona. From the top of the canyon, you can see for
miles. You can hear the thunder boom and echo through the canyon
and see flashes of lightning all around.
Thunderstorms can be helpful to us. Lightning strikes during a
thunderstorm may cause a forest fire. Many scientists agree that fires
caused by lightning can be good for the forest. Some forest fires “clean”
the forest to make room for the new plants and trees. Thunderstorms
can also bring rain to a region during a dry, hot season.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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The effects of thunderstorms can be very dangerous and cause
serious damage. Strong winds can damage crops, knock down trees and
power lines. Heavy rains often cause flash floods and if large hail stones
fall, they can destroy crops and damage automobiles by denting them.
Windows of houses and cars can be broken, people can be hurt, and
sometimes animals are killed by large hail. Lightning can strike and kill
people. It actually takes about 100 peoples’ lives each year. Lightning
may also cause forest fires which can get out of control and threaten
many lives and property. Tornadoes may also happen, causing great
destruction of property and loss of life.
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Natural Disaster
Flood
Description



Drought

Too much water
than needed or
expected
Geographical
Locations
 Every U.S. state
and territory
Can be only a few
inches of water or
may cover a house
to the rooftop







Most common
natural disaster
prolonged,
abnormally dry
period where there
is not enough
water for users’
normal needs
Causes


Southwestern U.S.
Texas





Effects (Friend)

Deforestation
El Nino
Ice/rock/soil/tree jams
Heavy, intense rain
hurricanes

Over-saturated soil
silt from water
replaces nutrients
in soil that have
been removed
from years of
farming
new lakes and
ponds form
Effects (Foe)




Frozen soil
High river, stream,
reservoir
urbanization

El Nino
Changes in global
climate patterns


Global warming
Rise in ocean temps


Thunderstorms





Wildfire

Has lightning and
thunder


15 miles in
diameter
Lasts 30 minutes
every state
1800 are
happening at any
moment around the
world
Dangerous



Occur in spring
and summer in the
afternoon
Chemical reaction

Forests
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
Jeana Milligan & Jennifer Clements - Project G.L.A.D (4/06 JB)

animal life
threatened
agriculturedestroys fruit, veg,
grain
urban devastationcities, businesses,
homes
disease-chlorera,
malaria

Moisture- to form
clouds and rain
Provide rain in a
dry season
Unstable air –
relatively warm air
that rises rapidly


Lift – fronts, sea
breezes, & mtns are
capable of lifting air
to help form
thunderstorms


Caused by heat –
39

Doesn’t kill as

Agriculture suffers
greatly- then
everyone feels the
impact
Soil erosion
Water quality
suffers – toxic
algae outbreaks
Bushfires and dust
storms increase
Grasslands change
to deserts
Kills more people
than tornadoes
each year
Power outages
Flash floods,
strong winds, hail,
tornadoes
Lightning can
strike people and
buildings
Can destroy




3 things to burn:
fuel, oxygen, &
heat

Yellowstone
National Park

Hot enough to
melt steel

Energy is released
as heat & light –so
hot and bright
burning match,
lightning, glowing
ember

Not allowing small
fires to burn

Accumulation of fuel
on forest floor
When done
nothing but ash



Volcanic
Eruptions





Earthquake




Geological
phenomenon

All 7 continents


Hear the
explosion, see the
fire, smell the
gases

Tectonic plate
movement
Hot magma rises to
surface through weak
area of Earth’s crust

many animals as
we think
Forest can renew
itself

Helps trees
(sequoias) release
seeds
Some trees are
dependent on
cycles of fires to
grow
Some plants come
back healthier
Ashes actually
fertilize soil for
crops, growers
New plant growth



Subduction zone

Volcanic chain –
hot spots
happen along fault
lines in the Earth’s
crust (tectonic
plates)




Earth’s crust
Near fault lines


San Andreas Fault
Epicenter


plate tectonics
as plates move, blocks
of crust shift along the
faults
shaking or seismic
activity occurs
usually last less
than 1 min.
intensity is
measured on a
Richter Scale
Nature, Friend and Foe an HMR Theme 6 Level 4 NV
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Costs human lives
Young plants
begin growing
Tells us about
Earth’s interior
shaking, rolling, or
sudden shock of
the earth
hundreds of
homes
landforms change




damages or wipes
out animal & plant
life in flow path
flooding often
results
ash/smoke creates
hazards for
commuters,
workers
changes in weather
ground shaking
topple buildings
trigger landslides
liquefaction –
looses moist sand
or soil is shaken so
hard that
individual grains
separate turning
the earth soft –
swallowing
buildings, people
etc.
Natural Disaster
Description
Geographical
Locations
Causes
Effects (Friend)
Flood
Drought
Thunderstorms
Wildfire
Volcanic
Eruptions
Earthquakes
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Effects (Foe)