Download 1750-1914 - Lyons-AP

AP World History
1750 – 1914 Overview
(Long Century)
Three Things to Remember
Industrialization caused true world-wide
interdependence. Intensification of coreperiphery concept
Populations grew and people moved from the
country into the cities to work in factories.
Women gained some economic opportunities
with the rise of factory work, but they did not gain
political or economic parity.
Three more things to Remember
Western culture influenced Asia and Africa,
especially because of imperialism
Rise of the Proletariat as a social force
Revolutions were inspired because of the
Enlightenment ideals of the social contract
and natural rights.
The Bookends
1750- beginning of industrialization with
the water frame in Manchester England
1776-First enlightenment revolution.
1800’s nationalism
1800’s Imperialism
1860 Emancipation of serfs and slaves
1914 Eve of World War One
Agrarian
Revolution
1600s
Enclosure
Mvmt. – by 1700s
more popular in
England
1701 – Jethro Tull’s
Seed Drill (followed by
tools for reaping and
chemical fertilizers)
1720s Good
Weather in
England
1730 – Townshend
suggest clover for
crop rotation (no
longer fallow)
Landless Farmers –
need new job and
new home (move to
cities)
Food
Surplus
First vs. Second Industrial
Revolutions
Industrial Revolution – (1750-1850) new
agricultural methods, textiles, railroads, iron, and
coal.
 Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914) –
steel, chemicals, electricity, telephone,
automobile and petroleum (Whitney –
standardized parts)
 First
Industrial Revolution
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Shift from Cottage/Domestic
Industry to Factory System.
Started with Textiles
Urbanization
Rise of new labor system –
women and child labor
Rise of new energy source –
coal, steam engine (Watt
1782), electricity
Rise of imperialism
Rise of transportation
systems – canals, railroads,
automobiles, airplanes
Art – realism/romanticism
Reasons Why England
Industrialized First
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Good Harbors
Natural Supply of Coal and
Iron
Loose gov’t regulations
(laissez-faire – Wealth of
Nations – Adam Smith
1776) with political stability
Population doubles in 18thc.
– large body of low-wage
workers and steady supply of
consumers
Religious toleration –
Quakers could not gain
political positions but could
acquire wealth


Increase in capital due to farming
– Central bank since 1694 that
encouraged flow of money (lower
interest rates than elsewhere in
period)
Lots of maritime trade already –
18th century height of Atlantic
slave trade (will end in 1807);
Ready market in US
Transportation
Suez canal opened in 1869; Erie in
1825)
Stephenson, Rocket, 1830
Fulton, steamboat, 1807
Daimler, internal combustion
engine – 1885 (Ford – assembly
line 1905 – Model T)
Wright, airplane, 1903
Labor Changes
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Combinations Acts in 1799 outlawed labor
unions.
Authors like Charles Dickens favored labor
reform – Bleak House
Factory Act (1833) – children under age of 9
could not work in textile mills, children under
12 no more than 9 hours
Karl Marx & Frederick Engle – Communist
Manifesto 1848 – proletariat rise up
against bourgeoisie
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
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End slave labor
Population Increases (food/health)
1848 Potato Famine
Migrations
Pollution – Factories
Urbanization
Changes in Social and Gender
Structure
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Emancipation of Serfs
(Alexander II) and Slaves
(Lincoln) (1860s)
Founder – Mary
Wolstonecraft – English writer
- A Vindication of the Rights
of Women – 1792
1848 – Seneca Falls, NY –
Women Suffragist (Lucretia
Mott & Elizabeth Cady
Stanton) held convention
created Declaration of
Sentiments
Increased birth control in
European world.
Social Structure
Post-Industrial Europe
Industrial
Tycoons &
Bankers
Doctors, lawyers
Artisans, Clerks
Laborers –
Factories & Farms
The Spread of Industrialization

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Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader
Russia under guidance of Sergei Witte, after their loss to
combined European powers in Crimean War –technological
and military backwardness – especially in railroads (tranSiberian railroad) link with Asia (completed 1904)
Japan guided by the imperial government – after seeing the
“colonization” of nearby China and SE Asia – wants to avoid
this – so creates a modernization (Meiji Restoration) – opens
up ports, colonizes Chinese and Russian territories
(Manchuria and Korea) – highly militarized, technological
schools, banks, etc.
Egypt – Muhammad Ali (Ottoman Ruler) – improve
communication, factories for cloth, refined sugar, and glass –
turns to commercial agriculture – forced village farmers to
leave plots to work on commercial plantations = cash crop
(hint – never good for the overall economy)
Spain and Austria-Hungary – still left out – due to geographic
constraints of mountains – not good for factories or
communication.
Practice Questions
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2007 – 26, 28, 29, 55, 58
2002 – 60, 63
New – 24, 25, 26, 43, 52
Old – 24, 27, 58
Rise of “isms”
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Liberalism vs. Conservatism
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Enlightenment vs.
Congress of Vienna 1814
Nationalism
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American Revolution
French Revolution
1848 Revolutions
Latin American Revolutions
Chinese Revolution
Russian Revolution (1905)
Creation of Italy
Creation of Germany
Break-up of Austria-Hungary
Balkan – Pan-Slavism
Break-up of Ottoman Empire “Sick Man of Europe”
Socialism
American Revolution - 1776
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American colonists resisted Britain's new
taxes (Stamp Act) after the French and
Indian War ended in 1763 and stopping
America’s Manifest Destiny
Declaration of Independence in 1776 –
modeled after Locke’s natural rights
Americans assisted by French
US Constitution 1781
French Revolution –
1879-1805
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Causes – inequality of Estates
General (3rd estate had to pay
taxes), bread famine,
expenses of Louis XVI and
Antoinette – Versailles, wars
(American Rev),
Enlightenment – Montesquieu,
Voltaire, Rousseau
Moderate – National Assembly
Created (Tennis Court Oath
– Declaration of Rights of
Man)
Radical – Reign of Terror
w/guillotine, Committee of
Public Safety w/the Jacobin
Robespierre
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
Moderate – Directory
Leader – Napoleon
Bonaparte (Civil Code,
education, Grand Empire –
stopped by Russian’s
scorched earth and
Waterloo)

Latin American
Cause
1. Growing sense of national
identity – same as US
2. Local resentment of
Spanish/Portuguese economic
policies – same as US
3. Frustration of American
born Creole upper and middle
class
4. Spark/catalyst was
Napoleon’s conquest of Spain
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
Haiti – Toussaint
L’Ouverture (1803) – slave
uprising
Columbia – Simon Bolivar
Mexico – 1810/1910
(Hidalgo – priest stirred
mestizos; Morelos, landed
elite led by caudillos
abusive under Porfirio Diaz,
Emiliano Zapata demands
land redistribution –
constitution in 1917
To the Barracades 
1848 Revolutions in
France result of worsening
economic conditions (like
potato famine) – will spark
revolutions in Poland,
Switzerland, and Austria
(only England and Russia
not touched)
Revolution, Again!!
Terrible June Days
Of 1848
3000 People Died
Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic!
Chinese Revolution - 1912

Causes: discontent of peasants with Qing’s losses in
Opium War and Sino-Japanese (1895) with Taiping
and later Boxer Rebellions (1900); spread of reform
ideas among Western-educated Chinese
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Self-Strengthening Movement
Dowager Empress Cixi - Opposed all reform – proWestern treason
Sun Yat-sen – father of modern China
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Three Principles of the People
1. Constitutional democracy
2. No Foreigners
3. State control over essential industries
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Results - Chiang Kai-shek leads nationalist republic
(Kuomintang) in civil war against communist Mao
Congress of Vienna - 1814
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Metternich
Maintain
balance of
power
(buffer state)
Concert of
Europe
Restrain
liberalism
(Quadruple
Alliance)
German Nationalism
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Zollverein
Frankfort Assembly (1848)
Otto von Bismarck (Iron
Chancellor) - 1860s-70s
Militarism
Favored monarchy
Realpolitik – Denmark,
Austrian, Franco-Prussian
War (1870 – faked EMS
telegram); Triple Alliance
Kulturkampf
Italian Unification
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Mazzini – Young Italy
(carbonari)
Cavour – North Italy
(favored Victor
Emmanuel II)
w/plebiscites
Garibaldi – Red Shirts
Austrian Empire
Multinational state of 11 ethnically distinct
peoples – Germans, Czechs, Hungarians
(Magyars), Slovaks, Romanians, Serbians,
and Italians.
Hungary and
Bohemia want
own legislature
and national
army
Demand for a
liberal
constitution
Ottoman Empire
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Greek Revolution
1820s
Crimean War 1854
Independence of
Balkan Region
“Powder Keg of
Europe” (spreading
influence of AustriaHungary will create
WWI) Pan-Slavism
Practice Questions
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2007 – 30, 56, 59, 62
2002 – 23, 33, 58, 59, 62, 64
New – 10, 11, 23, 38, 45, 46, 56, 61
Old – 25, 28, 30, 46, 57
Source for
Raw
Materials
Industrial
Revolution
Markets for
Finished
Goods
European
Nationalism
Missionary
Activity
European
Motives
For Colonization
Military
& Naval
Bases
Social
Darwinism
Places to
Dump
Unwanted/
Excess Popul.
European
Racism
“White
Man’s
Burden”
Humanitarian
Reasons
Soc. & Eco.
Opportunities
African Imperialism - Causes
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“Humanitarian” – Queen Victoria sponsored
Livingstone’s missionary work, Kipling’s
White Man’s Burden (social-Darwinian bias)
Raw Materials – gold, rubber (Congo), cotton
(Egypt), palm oil
Nationalism – Scramble for Africa (no longer
expansion in Europe due to Congress of
Vienna)
Military Bases
Capabilities – quinine, cartography, maxim
machine gun, steam ships, telegraph
Imperialism & National Rivalries
Imperial Conflicts
Scramble for Africa
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Cecil Rhodes – de
Beer’s Mining
Company / Cape to
Cairo Railroad.
Boer War – 1899-1902
(established apartheid
to appease Dutch
farmers)
Moroccan Resistance
to France
King Leopold’s abuse
of natives in Congo
Berlin Conference - 1885
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Called for
by Otto von
Bismarck
Threat of
King
Leopold’s
Congo
No Natives
British East
India Company
•Took advantage of religious conflicts of
Hindus and Muslims.
•Founded in 1600 to sell Indian products
such as cotton, silk, sugar and jute
•1756 – Robert Clive raised an army of native
soldiers (sepoys) to support gov’ts favorable to
British East India Company.
•“Commercial Colonialism” –
controlled foreign trade and
used native army to keep local
rulers in power.
Sepoy Mutiny - 1857

Rumor Started: The
rifle cartridges that
were distributed to the
Sepoys (bitten to
remove a cover before
being inserted into a
gun) had been greased
with beef and pork fat.

Muslim Sepoys who
were not supposed to
consume pork, and the
Hindu Sepoys who
were not supposed to
eat beef.
Raj—term for British rule over
India, lasts from 1757
to 1947
Direct Colony –
•Modern system of progressive
secondary education (to train
Indian civil servants),
•Improved health care
•economic reforms (irrigation,
railroads, tea and jute
plantations),
•creation of unified and powerful
state.
•End suttees
Negative Impacts of colonization on
India
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British hold much of political and economic power
Cash crops result in loss of self-sufficiency,
famine
Indian life disrupted by missionaries and racist
attitudes
British textile industry puts out of work native
industry
Zamindar system of tax collection is corrupt
Fails to bring benefits of modern science and
technology
Reforms – INC by Nehru and Gandhi – 1885; Muslim
League 1905
Spheres of Influence in China
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1700s – unfavorable
balance of trade, one
city Canton open, 1793
Lord Macartney
attempted open
Imported Opium,
Manchus forbid it
1839 – Opium War –
British won due to
better technology
1842 Treat of Nanjing
(unequal) – open ports,
extraterritoriality, Hong
Kong to England,
reparations
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Warlords negotiate
spheres of influence
American – Open Door
Policy
Resistance – Taiping
and Boxer Rebellion
Japan’s Reaction
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Commodore Matthew Perry – 1853
Treaty of Kanagawa
Meiji Restoration - (1868-1912);
Sat-Cho Alliance removes shogun,
restores emperor
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Westernizes – Bismarckian Diet
established, abolish feudalism
and caste
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Modernizes – zaibatsu,
militarism
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Colonizes – Sino-Japanese &
Russo-Japanese War (1905)
Red – England
Pink – French
Green – Dutch
Yellow - US
US Imperialism
- Monroe Doctrine
- Manifest Destiny (Gold Rush)
- Dollar Diplomacy
- Spanish American War - 1898
Comparisons
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Industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan
(causes and early phases)
Revolutions (American, French, Haitian,
Mexican, and Chinese)
Reaction to foreign domination in Ottomans
empire, China, India and Japan.
Comparisons
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Nationalism

Forms of intervention in 19th century Latin
America and Africa
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Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus
working/ peasant class women in western Europe
Conclusions
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What are the global processes that are at
play? Which have intensified? Diminished?
Predict how the events of the 19th century
are a natural culmination of earlier
developments.
Speculate what historical events in the 19th
century would have most surprised
historians of earlier eras.
Practice Questions
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2007 – 25, 27, 31, 57, 60, 61, 63
2002 – 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 61
New – 51, 55, 57, 59, 63, 64
Old – 29, 47, 59, 60, 68
Details- Cultural and Intellectual
expressions
African and Asian influences of European
art.
Western intellectual thought- especially
science and the enlightenment- were
highly influential to Asian and African
areas.
Traditional religious teachings continue to
be influential and often form the backbone
to anti-imperial activities.
Details- Function and Structures
of States
Enlightenment said that the government was
needed to be responsive to the people (at least
to males with property)
Some new nation states experimented with
democratic ideals (U.S. France, Britain)
Land-based empires (coercive tribute states)
continued to enforce absolute rule and resisted
enlightenment ideas.
Latin America co-opted the ideas, but usually just
as justification for maintaining Creole power.
Core-Periphery Again!
European states- especially Britain, Germany,
France and the Netherlands become cores.
They conquer colonies
Old Core regions fall to the semi-periphery
(China) or the periphery(India and West Asia) as
they become suppliers of raw materials
Russia and Japan rise to semi-peripheral
regions
Latin America and Africa remain Peripheral
areas
Changes and Continuities
Change: Industrialization changed almost
everything- the way people worked, lived,
traveled, related to their families and
communicated.
Change: rise of the middle class and new
governmental structures
Continuity: Religion continues to be a force for
conservatism
Continuity: Patriarchal gender structure remains