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POWERPOINT PRESENTATION
FOR BIOPSYCHOLOGY,
9TH EDITION
BY JOHN P.J. PINEL
P R E PA R E D B Y J E F F R E Y W. G R I M M
WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
COPYRIGHT © 2014 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
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Chapter 5
The Research Methods of
Biopsychology
Understanding What
Biopsychologists Do
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Learning Objectives
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LO1: Describe and compare 5 different methods of visualizing the living
human brain.
LO2: Explain 5 common measures of human psychophysiological activity.
LO3: Discuss the 3 major categories of invasive research methods used to
study brain and behavior.
LO4: Describe the pharmacological methods used to lesion and record the
brain.
LO5: Discuss 3 genetic techniques used to study brain and behavior.
LO6: Explain modern neuropsychological testing and several commonly
used tests.
LO7: The paired-image subtraction technique is the foundation of modern
cognitive neuroscience: Explain.
LO8: Discuss several biopsychology methods used in the study of
nonhuman animal behavior.
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Methods of Visualizing and
Stimulating the Living Human
Brain
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Contrast X-rays: inject something that
absorbs X-rays less or more than
surrounding tissue
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Cerebral angiography
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FIGURE 5.1 A cerebral angiogram of a
healthy human subject.
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Methods of Visualizing the
Living Human Brain (Con’t)
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X-Ray Computed Tomography
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Computer-assisted X-ray procedure
Provides a 3-D representation of the brain
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FIGURE 5.2 Computed tomography
(CT) uses X-rays to create a CT scan of
the brain.
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Methods of Visualizing the
Living Human Brain (Con’t)
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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High-resolution images
Constructed from measurement of waves emitted
by hydrogen atoms that have been activated
within a magnetic field
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FIGURE 5.3 A color-enhanced
midsagittal MRI scan.
FIGURE 5.4 Structural MRI can be used
to provide three-dimensional images of
the entire brain. (Courtesy of Bruce
Foster and Robert Hare, University of
British Columbia.)
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Methods of Visualizing the
Living Human Brain (Con’t)
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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Provides images of brain activity
Scan is an image of levels of radioactivity in
various parts of one horizontal level of the brain
A radiolabeled substance is administered prior to
the scan.
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FIGURE 5.6 A series of two PET scans. A scan was done
when the volunteer’s eyes were either open (left) or
closed (right). Areas of high activity are indicated
by reds and yellows. For example, notice the high level of
activity in the visual cortex of the occipital lobe when the
subject’s eyes were open.
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Methods of Visualizing the
Living Human Brain (Con’t)
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Functional MRI (fMRI)
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Provides images of brain structure and activity
Like the MRI, fMRI uses a strong magnetic field.
Structure is imaged using waves emitted by
hydrogen ions.
Function is imaged using the signal created by
interaction between oxygen and iron in the blood.
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BOLD signal
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FIGURE 5.7 Functional magnetic
resonance image (fMRI).
This image illustrates the areas of
cortex that became more active
when the volunteers observed
strings of letters and were asked to
specify which strings were words; in
the control condition, subjects
viewed strings of asterisks (Kiehl et
al., 1999). This fMRI illustrates
surface activity; but images of
sections through the brain can also
be displayed. (Courtesy of Kent
Kiehl and Peter Liddle, Department
of Psychiatry, University of British
Columbia.)
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Methods of Visualizing the
Living Human Brain (Con’t)
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Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
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A measure of neural activity
Measures changes in magnetic fields on the
surface of the scalp
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Created by underlying patterns of neural activity
Fast temporal resolution
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Methods of Visualizing the
Living Human Brain (Con’t)
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
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NOT a measure of neural activity
But provides an experimental probe to alter neural
activity
TMS applies a brief, strong magnetic field that
alters neural activity.
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Can either activate or “deactivate” brain structures
Observe changes in behavior
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Recording Human
Psychophysiological Activity
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Scalp Electroencephalography (EEG)
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Measure of gross electrical activity of the brain
Uses electrodes attached to the scalp
Many Techniques of EEG
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Wave form assessment (e.g., alpha waves)
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Event-related potentials (ERPs)
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Indication of state of consciousness, pathology
Measure activity accompanying psychological
events
Combination of EEG with MRI
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FIGURE 5.9 Some typical
electroencephalograms and
their psychological
correlates
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FIGURE 5.10 The
averaging of an auditory
evoked potential.
Averaging increases the
signal-to-noise ratio.
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Recording Human
Psychophysiological Activity
(Con’t)
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Muscle Tension
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Electromyography is the technique of measuring
the electrical activity of muscles.
Electromyogram (EMG) indicates tension of
muscles under the skin.
Magnetoencephalography
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MEG measures changes in magnetic fields under
the scalp.
MEG measures changes in patterns of neural
activity near the surface of the brain.
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FIGURE 5.12 The relation
between a raw EMG signal
and its integrated version.
The volunteer tensed her
muscle beneath the
electrodes and then
gradually relaxed it.
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Recording Human
Psychophysiological Activity
(Con’t)
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Eye Movement
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Electrooculography is the technique of recording
eye movements.
Electrooculogram (EOG) indicates changes in
electrical potential between the front and back of
the eyeball.
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FIGURE 5.13 The typical
placement of electrodes
around the eye for
electrooculography. The
two electrooculogram
traces were recorded as
the volunteer scanned a
circle.
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Recording Human
Psychophysiological Activity
(Con’t)
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Skin Conductance
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Measures of electrodermal activity
Techniques include measurement of skin
conductance level (SCL) and skin conductance
response (SCR).
Cardiovascular Activity
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Often used to link physiological changes with
emotional state
Measures include heart rate, blood pressure, and
blood volume.
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Invasive Physiological
Research Methods
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Stereotaxic Surgery
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Requires use of stereotaxic atlas and instrument
Lesion Methods
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Bilateral and unilateral lesions
Several procedures, each requiring careful
interpretation of effects
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Aspiration lesions
Radio-frequency lesions
Knife cuts
Reversible lesions
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FIGURE 5.14 Stereotaxic
surgery: implanting
an electrode in the rat
amygdala.
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FIGURE 5.16 A cryoprobe.
FIGURE 5.15 A device for performing subcortical knife cuts. The
device is stereotaxically positioned in the brain; then, the blade
swings out to make the cut. Here, the anterior commissure is being
sectioned.
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Invasive Physiological
Research Methods (Con’t)
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Electrical Stimulation
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Lesioning can be used to remove, damage, or
inactivate a structure.
Electrical stimulation may be used to “activate” a
structure.
Stimulation of a structure may have an effect
opposite to that seen when the structure is
lesioned.
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Invasive Physiological
Research Methods (Con’t)
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Invasive electrophysiological recording
methods include the following:
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Intracellular unit recording
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Extracellular unit recording
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Firing of a neuron
Multiple-unit recording
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Membrane potential of a neuron
Firing of many neurons
Invasive EEG recording
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FIGURE 5.16 Four methods of
recording electrical activity of
the nervous system.
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Pharmacological Research
Methods
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Routes of Drug Administration
Selective Chemical Lesions
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Measuring Chemical Activity
of the Brain
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2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG) Technique
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Inject an animal with radioactive 2-DG and
allow it to engage in behavior of interest.
Use autoradiography to see where
radioactivity accumulates in brain slices.
Cerebral dialysis measures extracellular
concentration of specific chemicals in live
animals.
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FIGURE 5.17 The 2-deoxyglucose technique. The accumulation of radioactivity is shown in
three frontal sections taken from the brain of a Richardson’s ground squirrel. The subject was
Injected with radioactive 2-deoxyglucose; then, for 45 minutes, it viewed brightly illuminated
black and white stripes through its left eye while its right eye was covered. Because the ground
squirrel visual system is largely crossed, most of the radioactivity accumulated in the visual
structures of the right hemisphere (the hemisphere on your right). (Courtesy of Rod Cooper,
Department of Psychology, University of Calgary.)
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Locating Neurotransmitters
and Receptors in the Brain
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Dye or Radioactive Labels Used to Visualize the
Protein of Interest
Immunocytochemistry: based on the binding of
labeled protein-specific antibodies
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Immune response: antibodies created that bind and
remove/destroy antigens (foreign proteins)
In situ hybridization uses labeled RNA to locate
neurons with complementary mRNA.
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FIGURE 5.18 Immunocytochemistry. This section through a rat’s substantia
nigra reveals dopaminergic neurons that have taken up the antibody for
tyrosine hydroxylase, the enzyme that converts tyrosine to l-dopa. (Courtesy
of Mark Klitenick and Chris Fibiger, Department of Psychiatry, University of
British Columbia.)
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FIGURE 5.19 In situ hybridization.
This color-coded frontal section
through a rat brain reveals high
concentrations of mRNA
expression for an endorphin in
the striatum (in red and yellow).
(Courtesy of Ningning Guo and
Chris Fibiger, Department of
Psychiatry, University of British
Columbia.)
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Genetic Engineering
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Gene Knockout Techniques
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Subjects missing a given gene can provide
insight into what the gene controls.
It is difficult to interpret results; most behavior
is controlled by many genes, and removing
one gene may alter the expression of others,
including compensation for the missing gene.
Antisense drugs block expression of a gene.
Gene Replacement Techniques
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Insert pathological human genes into mice
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Fantastic Fluorescence and the
Brainbow
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Green fluorescent protein (GFP) exhibits
bright green fluorescence when exposed to
blue light.
Variants of the gene for GFP can express
other colors.
These GFP genes can be inserted into the
DNA of neurons—color can then be viewed
when targeted neuronal genes are
expressed.
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Brainbow
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FIGURE 5.21 With the research technique
called brainbow, each neuron is labeled
with a different color, facilitating neuron
tracing.
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Behavioral Research Methods
of Biopsychology
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Neuropsychological Testing
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Time-consuming; only conducted on a small
portion of those with brain damage
Assists in diagnosing neural disorders
Serves as a basis for counseling/caring
Provides information on effectiveness and
side effects of treatment
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Modern Approaches to
Neuropsychological Testing
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Single-Test Approach
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Standardized-Test-Battery Approach
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Used to differentiate brain damage from functional
(psychological) causes
Same goal as single-test approach
Halstead-Reitan, for example
Customized-Test-Battery Approach
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Now predominant
Characterizes nature of psychological deficits
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Tests of the Common
Neuropsychological
Test Battery
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Intelligence
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Memory
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WAIS, an IQ test
Digit span subtest
Language: problems of phonology, syntax, or
semantics
Language lateralization: used to identify languagedominant hemisphere
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Sodium amytal: used to anesthetize one hemisphere
Dichotic listening: ear contralateral to dominant hemisphere
shows superior hearing ability
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Tests of Specific
Neuropsychological Function
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Memory: exploring the nature of deficits
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Short-term, long-term, or both?
Anterograde or retrograde?
Semantic or episodic?
Explicit or implicit? (repetition priming tests)
Language: problems of phonology, syntax, or
semantics
Frontal-Lobe Function
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Wisconsin Card Sorting Task
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FIGURE 5.22 The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. This woman is just starting the test. If she places
the first card in front of the stimulus card with the three green circles, she is sorting on the
basis of color. She must guess until she can learn which principle—color, shape, or number—
should guide her sorting. After she has placed a card, she is told whether or not her placement
is correct.
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Behavioral Methods of
Cognitive Neuroscience
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Assumptions:
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Each complex cognitive process results from the
combined activity of simple cognitive processes
(constituent cognitive processes).
Each complex cognitive process is mediated by
neural activity in a particular area of the brain.
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Behavioral Methods of
Cognitive Neuroscience (Con’t)
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The goal is to identify the parts of the brain
that mediate various constituent cognitive
processes.
In the paired-image subtraction technique,
researchers compare PET or fMRI images
during several different cognitive tasks.
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FIGURE 5.23 The paired-image subtraction technique, which is commonly employed in cognitive
neuroscience. Here we see that the brain of a subject is generally active when the subject looks at a
flickering checkerboard pattern (visual stimulation condition). However, if the activity that occurred
when the subject stared at a blank screen (control situation) is subtracted, it becomes apparent that the
perception of the flashing checkerboard pattern was associated with an increase in activity that was
largely restricted to the occipital lobe. The individual difference images of five subjects were averaged
to produce the mean difference image. (PET scans courtesy of Marcus Raichle, Mallinckrodt Institute of
Radiology, Washington University Medical Center.)
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Biopsychological Paradigms of
Animal Behavior
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Paradigms for Assessment of SpeciesCommon Behaviors
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Open-field test
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Anxiety, activity
Tests of aggressive and defensive behavior
Tests of sexual behavior
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Biopsychological Paradigms of
Animal Behavior (Con’t)
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Assessment of Species-Common Behaviors
(Con’t)
Traditional Conditioning Paradigms
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Pavlovian conditioning
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Operant conditioning
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Pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus
E.g., Pavlov’s dogs
Reinforcement and punishment
Self-stimulation
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The animal works for electrical stimulation.
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Biopsychological Paradigms of
Animal Behavior (Con’t)
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Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms
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Conditioned taste aversion
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Pairing something that makes an animal ill (emetic)
with a taste
Challenged existing assumptions about conditioning
Animals appear prepared to associate tastes and
illness.
Radial arm maze
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Spatial learning
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Biopsychological Paradigms of
Animal Behavior (Con’t)
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Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms
(Con’t)
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Morris water maze
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Spatial learning
The rat must find a hidden platform in an opaque pool.
Conditioned defensive burying
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Following a single aversive stimulus delivered from an
object, rats will spray bedding at the object.
Anti-anxiety drugs decrease the amount of burying
behavior.
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FIGURE 5.25 A radial arm
maze.
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FIGURE 5.26 These photos show a rat
burying a test object from which it has
just received a single mild shock.
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