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Appendix 3. Study characteristics
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Anderson et al, 2003
Case-control
N=20 (100%♀)
Mean Age: 28y (5.71sd)
Mean Height: 166 cm (0.08sd)
Mean Mass: 62.7kg (8.62sd)
Subjects with PFPS were referred via hospital orthopaedic
department with a physicians diagnosis of PFPS and had to exhibit
pain while descending stairs.
N=20(100%♀)
Mean Age: 29y (4.72sd)
Mean Height: 167 cm (0.08sd)
Mean Mass: 62.7 kg (7.91 sd)
Control subjects had no lower limb or spinal musculoskeletal
impairments and exhibited no signs of neurological impairment.
- Cinematographic procedures: descending the step; single
step down, bare feet with hands on hips to keep a stable
mass: angle of shank segment and knee angular velocity
was calculated
- Eccentric quadriceps torque: sitting in a Cybex Norm
isokinetic unit: 90 º hip and knee flexion with a thigh fixation
strap applied and the applicator pad placed 5 cm above the
ankle joint, subjects moved the knee through te range 5-90
º, velocity 30º per second.
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Alberti et al, 2010
Case-control
N=30 (87%♀)
Mean Age: 30y (8sd)
Mean Height: 165 cm (8sd)
Mean Mass: 60kg (11sd)
Pain arose in at least one of the follwing situations: resisted
contraction of the quadriceps, squatting, prolonged sitting,
descending or ascending stairs.
N=44(89%♀)
Matched for age, height and body mass.
No history or diagnosis of knee pathology or trauma, no knee pain
with andy of the activities mentioned and no limitations that would
influence gait.
- Contact area from medial rearfoot, central rearfoot, lateral
rearfoot, medial forefoot, lateral forefoot and midfoot. Area:
sum of the area of all loaded sensors in a determinate
plantar region.
- Peak Pressure (highest pressure experienced by one
sensor in the plantar region) of medial rearfoot, central
rearfoot, lateral rearfoot, medial forefoot, lateral forefoot
and midfoot
- Pressure-time integral(area under the peak pressure-time
graphic in the selected plantar region) of medial rearfoot,
central rearfoot, lateral rearfoot, medial forefoot, lateral
forefoot and midfoot
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Al-Rawi et al, 1997
Case-control
N=115 (77%♀)
Age range: 10-29y
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Mean height: 162.5 cm
Mean weight: 58.8kg
Subjects attending the rheumatology clinic in the Medical City
Teaching Hospital. Patients were diagnosed as chondromalacia
patellae on clinical grounds according to the criteria described by
Wiles et al and Robinson and Darracott.
N=110(78%)
Age range: 10-29y
Mean height: 163.6cm
Mean weight: 60.8kg
- Joint mobility
- Dominant side and leg length difference
- Quadriceps muscle wasting
Chondromalacia patellae
Aglietti et al, 1983
Case-control
N=53 (66%♀)
Mean age: 22y range:13-34 years
N=150 (50%♀)
Mean age: 23y range: 13-35 years
- Q-angle: measured in a supine patient with extended
knees.
- Patellar height, Insall-Salvati method: ratio between the
length of the patellar tendon, as measured from the base of
the tibial tuberosity to the apex of the patella, and the
greates diagonal length of the patella in the lateral view of
the knee in at least 30° of flexion.
- Patellar height, Blackburne and Pell method: ratio between
the perpendicular distance from the lowest articular margin
of the patella to the tibial plateau and the length of the
articular cartilage of the patella, as measured in the lateral
view of the kene in at least 30° of flexion.
- Sulcus angle, Merchant method: measured in the axial view
of the knee in a supine patient, with quadriceps relaxed and
knees in 45° of flexion; X-rays are in a craniocaudal
direction 30° to the horizontal; and rotation of the knees is
controlled by strapping the legs together. The sulcus angle
is measured between the two lines connecting the deepest
point of the femoral groove to the highest points of the
femoral condyles
- Congruence angle, Merchant method: in the axial view
described above, between the line besecting the sulcus
angle and the line connecting the paex of the sulcus to the
lowest aspect of the patellar ridge. By convention, the
congruence angel is negative, as the lowest part of the
patella is medial to the bisecting line.
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Baker et al, 2002
Cross-sectional
N=20 (75%♀)
Mean age: 25.4y (8.5sd)
Mean Height: 1.69m (0.07sd)
Mean Body mass: 65.6 kg (13.8sd)
Anterior or retropatellar knee pain present during at least two of the
following: ascending/descending stairs, hopping/running, squatting,
kneeling and prolonged sitting; insidious onset of symptoms
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
unrelated to a traumatic incident; presence of pain on step down
from a 25cm step or double leg squat and pain on palpation of
patellar facets.
N=20 (?%♀)
Mean age: 25.5y (8.6sd)
Mean Height: 1.68m (0.09sd)
Mean body mass: 65.7 (16.5sd)
Recruited from students at the university of Melbourne
- Non-weightbearing knee joint position sense: Subject sat
on a treatment couch with knee flexed an the trunk inclined
backwards at an angle of 25° from the vertical
- Weightbearing knee joint position sense: subjects stood in
bare feet with fingertip support for balance
Relative outcomes: in method most reliable outcome
Barton et al, 2010
Cross-sectional
N=20 (75%♀)
Mean age: 22.8y
Height: 167.9cm
Body mass: 66.8 kg
BMI: 23.7/kg/m2
Recruited via advertisements
Diagnosis of PFPS was made by a qualified physiotherapist and
based on definitions used in previous RCT
N=20 matched on age (±3 years), sex, height(±5cm) and body
mass(± 5 kg).
Recruited via advertisements
Relaxed stance:
- Longitudinal arch angle (°) (LAA): measured using a plastic
goniometer:
- Foot posture index (FPI): 6-item foot posture assessment
tool performed during relaxed stance: +12 pronated, - 12
supinated
- Normalized vertical navicular height (% foot length)
(NVNH): foot length was measured to normalize
- Calcaneal angle (°) (CA): measured relative to a line
perpendicular from the floor using a digital inclinometer,
positioned along the calcaneal bisection
- Normalized Dorsal arch height (% foot length) (NDAH):
Measure the vertical distance from the floor to the dorsum
of the foot at 50% of the foot length, foot length was
measured to normalize
Foot posture relative, subtalar joint neutral (STJN)
- Normalized navicular Drop (% foot length) (NNDrop)
- Normalized vertical navicular height difference (% foot
length) (NVNH)
- Normalized navicular Drift (% foot length) (NNDrift)
- LAA difference (°)
- CA difference (°)
Sagittal plane measures
- First Metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion (°) (MTPJ)
- Ankle Dorsiflexion, knee flexed (°)
- Ankle Dorsiflexion, knee extended (°)
Notes
Author, year of publication
Besier et al, 2009
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Case-control
N=27 (59%♀)
Mean age: females: 28.7y(4.6sd)
Mean Height females: 1.68m (0.06sd)
Mean Mass females: 62.7 (10.0sd)
Mean age: males: 30.5y (4.5sd)
Mean Height males: 1.78m (0.09sd)
Mean Mass males: 72.4kg (12.5sd)
Pain originating from the patellar region and reproducible pain with
at least two of the following functional activities: stair ascent or
descent, squatting, kneeling, prolonged sitting, isometric quadriceps
contractions.
N=16 (50%♀)
Mean age females: 28.8y (4.7sd)
Mean height females: 1.66m (0.05sd)
Mean mass females: 58.3 kg(4.6sd)
Mean age males: 27.2y (3.0sd)
Mean Height males: 1.79m (0.07sd)
Mean Mass males: 74.2kg (4.2sd)
- Flexion-extension moment of the knee during walking and
running
- Peak force of lower extremity muscles during walking and
running
- Co-contraction index
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Boling et al, 2009
Case-control
N=20(65%♀)
Mean age: 26.8y (4.5sd)
Mean Height: 171.8cm (8.4sd)
Mean mass: 72.4 kg (16.8sd)
Anterior or retropatellar knee pain present during at least 2 of the
following activities: ascending or descending stairs, hopping or
running, squatting, kneeling, and prolonged sitting; insidious onset
of wymptoms not related to trauma; pain on palpation of the patellar
facets and worst pain in the past week greater than or equal to 3
cm on a 10-cm visual analog scale.
N=20(65%♀)
Mean age: 25.6y (2.8sd)
Mean height: 169.5 cm (8.9sd)
Mean mass: 70.0 kg (16.9sd)
- Peak hip extension torque: concentric, eccentric, average
concentric and average eccentric
- Peak hip external rotation torque: concentric, eccentric,
average concentric and average eccentric
- Peak Hip abduction torque: concentric, eccentric, average
concentric and average eccentric
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Callaghan et al, 2004
Case-control
N=57 (61%♀)
Mean age: 31.2y
Mean BMI: 25.3 kg/m2 range: 18 to 40
N=10 (60%♀)
Mean age: 29.1y
Mean BMI: 23.4 kg/m2 range: 21 to 29
- Quadriceps cross sectional area: assessed using a static B
-
compound US scanner. Scansw were taken at the thigh
mid-point between the lateral joint line of the knee and the
greater trochanter.
Peak extension torque: measured using the Biodex system
2 isokinetic dynamometer with a closed kinetic chain in a
isokinetic mode. Subjects were placed in the chair with hip
flexion set at 90° and the shoulder and waist traps applied.
The angular velocity was set al 90°/s.
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Caylor et al, 1993
Case-control
N=50 (64%♀)
Mean age: 23y
Patients diagnosed by a physician as having AKPS and who were
currently receiving physical therapy for this diagnosis were recruited
for this study.
N=26 (65%♀)
Mean age: 24.5y
Both knees: 52
Q-angle measurements were taken with the subject standing in a
comfortable manner, using a goniometer
Patients receive psychotherapy. Control group: measurement of
both knees
Cowan et al, 2001
Cross-sectional
N=33 (67%♀)
Mean age: 27.0y (8.1sd)
Mean Height: 171.1cm (9.3sd)
Mean Weight: 69.1kg (15.9sd)
Mean BMI: 23kg/m2 (0.04sd)
Anterior or retropatellar knee pain reported on at least 2 of the
following activities: prolonged sitting, ascending or descending
stairs, squatting, running, kneeling, and hopping/jumping. Pain on
patella palpation, symprtoms for at least 1 month, an average pain
level of 3cm on a 10-cm visual analog scale. Insidious onset of
symptoms unrelated to a traumatic incident.
N=33(61%♀)
Mean age: 23.6y (4.9sd)
Mean Height: 169.8 cm (11.9sd)
Mean Weight: 64.6 kg (10.9sd)
Mean BMI: 22 kg/m2(0.02sd)
Recruited from the University of Melbourne School of
Physhiotherapy
- Onset timing of VMO and VL during eccentric and
concentric task: Step up onto the step (concentric), step up
down from the step (eccentric)
Age < 40 year
Cowan et al, 2002
Cross-sectional
N=37 (62%♀)
Mean Age: 28.5y (7.3sd)
Mean height: 170.7cm (8.9sd)
Mean Weight: 71.8kg (12.8sd)
Controls description
Description of determinant
Anterior or retropatellar knee pain reported on at least 2 of the
following activities: prolonged sitting, ascending or descending
stairs, squatting, running, kneeling, and hopping/jumping. Pain on
patella palpation, symprtoms for at least 1 month, an average pain
level of 3cm on a 10-cm visual analog scale. Insidious onset of
symptoms unrelated to a traumatic incident.
N=37 (62%♀)
Recruited from the school of physiotherapy at the university of
melbourne and were matched for sex.
Mean Age: 24.4y (5.8sd)
Mean Height: 171.9 cm (12.0cm)
Mean Weight: 64.5 kg (11.5sd)
- EMG of VMO: vastus medialis obliquus
- EMG of VL: vastus lateralis
- EMG of tibialis anterior
- EMG of soleus
All during contracting their triceps sureae muscle (rise task) or
to rock on to their heels by lifting their toes and contracting their
tibialis anterior muscle (rock task)
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Crossley et al, 2003
Case-control
N=48 (65%♀)
Mean age: 28y (8sd)
Mean Height: 1.70m (0.09sd)
Mean Weight: 69.5 kg (14.6sd)
Mean BMI: 23.9 kg/m2 (4.0sd)
Anterior or retropatellar knee pain on at least two of prolonged
sitting, stairs, squatting, running, kneeling and hopping/jumping.
Insidious onset of symptoms unrelated to a traumatic incident,
presence of pain on palpation of patellar facets and on step down
from a 25-cm step or double leg squat.
N=18 (50%♀)
Mean Age: 35y (5sd)
Mean Height: 1.72m (0.12sd)
Mean Weight: 66.3kg(12.6sd)
Mean BMI: 22.2 kg/m2 (2.7sd)
Recruited from advertisements placed at the university of
melbourne
- Stance-phase knee flexion during ascending and
descending stairs
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Dierks et al, 2008*
Case-control
N=20(75%♀)
Mean age:24.1y(7.4sd)
Mean Height:1.71m(0.10sd)
Mean Weight: 65.75kg (12.56sd)
Complaint of anterior knee pain when running that had persisted for
a mimimum of 2 months. Intensity of the knee pain during running
was at least a 3 (moderate pain0 on a 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum
pain) point visual analog scale for pain. The pain was retropatellar,
was believed to orginate from the patellofemoral joint, and was
confirmed upon palpation that the pain was peripatellar.
N=20 (75%♀)
Mean Age: 22.7y (5.6sd)
Description of determinant
Notes
Mean Height: 1.70m (0.08sd)
Mean Weight:63.02kg (9.15sd)
Runners who had no known lower extremity pathologies and were
free of any lower extremity injury at the time of data collection
- Knee adduction, referenced as tibia relative to femur;
angle, excursion and velocity begin and end of run
- Knee internal rotation, referenced as tibia relative to femur;
angle, excursion and velocity begin and end of run
- Knee flexion; angle, excursion and velocity begin and end
of run
- Rearfoot eversion: angle, excursion and velocity begin and
end of run
- Tibial internal rotation, inferred as tibial motion since the
foot is fixed to the ground during stance; angle, excursion
and velocity begin and end of run
- Hip adduction, referenced as femur relative to pelvis; angle,
excursion and velocity begin and end of run
- Hip internal rotation, referenced as femur relative to pelvis;
angle, excursion and velocity begin and end of run
- Impact acceleration angle
- Arch Height Index: ratio of the dorsum height (at 50% foot
length) divided by the truncated foot length.
All were recreational runners (> 10 miles per week)
Only data from begin of the run was extracted
* Both studies included, 2008 and 2010
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Dorotka et al, 2002
Case-control
N=133 (0%♀)
Mean age: 21.0y (3.2sd)
Mean Height: 179.3 cm (7.3sd)
Mean Weight: 77.9kg (12.9sd)
Mean BMI: 24.2 kg/m2 (3.5sd)
Patients from the Orthopaedic Ambulance in the Army hospital
N=115(0%♀)
Mean age: 20.8y (2.6sd)
Mean Height: 179.3 cm (5.9sd)
Mean Weight: 75.7 kg (13.1sd)
Mean BMI: 23.5 kg/m2 (3.8sd)
Controls did not have PFPS or a history of pain in the knee
- Sportactivity near military training
- Sports that could be damaging to the knee
- Duration of sportactivity
- Job that strained the knees
- Previous injury to the knee
- Previous operation to the knee
- In basis training
Only males
Draper et al, 2006
Case-control
N=34(35%♀)
Mean age females: 28y(5sd)
Mean Height females: 1.67m (0.07sd)
Mean Weight females: 61.3(kg) (9.1sd)
Mean age men: 30y(4sd)
Mean Height men: 1.80m(0.07sd)
Mean weight men: 75.9 kg (11.7sd)
Subjects were included in the study if they experienced anterior
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
knee pain during physical activity
N=16(50%♀)
Mean age females: 29y(5sd)
Mean Height females: 1.65m (0.05sd)
Mean Weight females: 57.4(kg) (5.1sd)
Mean age men: 28y(3sd)
Mean Height men: 1.78m(0.08sd)
Mean weight men: 71.8 kg (4.0sd)
- Mean and peak cartilage thicknesses in superior region of
patellar and femoral cartilage surfaces
- Mean and peak cartilage thicknesses in middle region of
patellar and femoral cartilage surfaces
- Mean and peak cartilage thicknesses in inferior region of
patellar and femoral cartilage surfaces
Data presented for men and females
Draper et al, 2009
Case-control
N=23 (100%♀)
Mean age: 32y (7sd)
Mean Height: 1.66m (0.07sd)
Mean Weight: 58.4 kg (6.2sd)
Subjects were included if they experienced reproducible anterior
knee pain during at least two of the following activities: stair ascent/
decent, kneeling, squatting, prolonged sitting, or isometric
quadriceps contraction.
N=13 (100%♀)
Mean age: 26.8y(3sd)
Mean Height: 1.66 m(0.08sd)
Mean weight: 59.8 kg(9.3sd)
- Bisect offset during different angles of knee flexion,
measured with MRI
- Patellar tilt during different angles of knee flexion,
measured with MRI
Only females
Duffey et al, 2000
Case-control
N=99(31%♀)
Mean age: 36y (1sd)
Mean Height: 172.1cm (1.1sd)
Mean Mass: 69.5 kg (1.4sd)
Mean BMI: 23.3kg/m2(0.3sd)
Pain along the medial facet of the patella, tendernees in the
peripatellar region along the medial or lateral joint capsule, and pain
upon compression of the patella against the underlyin femur.
N=70(24%♀)
Mean age:35y(1sd)
Mean Height: 174.5cm (1.1sd)
Mean Mass: 70.2 kg (1.3sd)
Mean BMI: 22.9 kg/m2(0.3sd)
- Calcaneus-tibia touchdown angle
- Pronation through first 10% of stance
- Maximum pronation
- Total pronation
- Calcaneus-vertical TDA
- Time to maximum pronation (%stance)
- Time to maximum eversion (%stance)
-
-
Initial pronation velocity
Maximum pronation velocity
Time to maximum pronation velocity
Maximum brakin force during running
Braking impulse
Maximum propulsive force
Propulsion impulse
Anterioposterior impulse
Maximum medial force
Time to maximum medial force
Maixmum lateral force
Time to maximum lateral force
First peak vertical force during running
Time to first peak vertical force
Impulse through first peak vertical force
Loading rate to first peak vertical force
First peak vertical force minimum
Time to first peak vertical force minimum
Second peak vertical force
Support time
Q-angle: measured with goniometer
Absolute leg length difference
Relative leg length difference
Knee range of motion
Arch index: diving length of the foot into three equal
sections: forefoot, midfoot and rearfoot; and then diving the
area of the midfoot by the total area of the footprint
Average weekly mileage (miles)
Training pace
Years running
Shoe mileage (miles)
Time spent stretching
Time spent running
Time spent cycling
Time spent swimming
Time spent aerobic dancing
Various training surfaces: asphalt, dirt, cross country,
composition track, cinder track, flats, hills, crowned roads,
trails
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Emani et al, 2007
Case-control
N=100 (56%♀)
Mean age: 22.2y♀, 23.5y♂
Mean weight: 150 lb
Clinical diagnose of anterior knee pain
N=100(50%♀)
Mean age: 21.4y♀ 21.9y♂
Mean weight: 146 lb
Different unrelated problems in the upper extremities, who had
normal knee
Q-angle measured using a universal goniometer, all participants
were in standing position
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Eckhoff et al, 1994
Case-control
N=20
After failure to improve on a conservative treatment regimen.
Controls description
Description of determinant
N=10 (20 knees)
Asymptomatic volunteers
- Anterversion: The twist of the femur about its long axis. It
was measured as the difference between the axis of the
head-neck proximally and the axis of the posterior condyles
distally on the CT.
- Configuration of the distal femur: Triangular relationship of
the sulcus of the trochlea cephalad to the intercondylar
notch and the center of each posterior condylar articular
surface. Configuration was measured as the angle in
degrees between each of these three points on the distal
transverse cut of the CT scan.
- Patellar orientation to the femur: Lateral patellofemoral
angle, sulcus angle, and congruence angle were
measured.
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Haim et al, 2006
Case-control
N=61 (0%♀)
Mean age: 19.4y(1.2sd) range: 18.5-20.2
The cohort consisted of consecutive patients previously diagnosed
with patellofemoral pain syndrome by a Medical Corps physician
and reffered for additional evaluation at a central military
orthopaedic clinic.
Anterior knee pain after increased physical activity aggravated by
walking up and down stairs, squatting, or sitting with knees flexed,
and accompanied by crepitus, giving way and catching. Persistent
pain despite conservative treatment for at least 3 months with rest
and reduciont of physical activity level. And military discharge
because of knee pain.
N=25 (0%♀)
Mean age: 24.1y (6.5sd) range: 19-27
The control group of volunteers consisted of male infantry soliders
without a history of knee pain, knee injury, or knee surgery who
were referred during the study period to the same central military
orthopaedic clinic for various orthopaedic problems not related to
the knee and who had served in the army for at least 2 years
- Patellar tilt test
- Patellar apprehension test
- Patella alta test: suspine position, pressure was applied
over the lower pole of the patella while the knee was fully
extended and then flexed; pain during flexion was
suggestive of patella alta
- Active instability test: supine position with the lower
extremity in a neutral position and the knee flexed at 15°.
Patellar tracking was assessed during isometric quadriceps
contraction. Any lateral patellar motion was noted and
recorded in millimetres. The test was considered positive if
the patella moved laterally more than 3 mm, as this was
thought by the examiner to be the clinical sensitivity limit.
- Lower limb alignment (qualitative assessment of genu
varum or genu valgum deformity)
- Foot posture (pes cavus and pes planus)
- Quadriceps angle while standing
- Presence of knee effusion using the patellar ballottement
test
- Patellofemoral joint crepitation
- Presence of tenderness over the medial and lateral patellar
retinacula
-
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Medial and lateral patellar glide
Squinting patellae: qualitative assessment, performed by
viewing the patient from the front, standing with the medial
aspects of the knees and medial maleoli as close together
as possible
- Plain radiographic findings: lateral and axial patellar
radiographs were taken at 30° knee flexion. The axial view
was taken using a special standardizing device that
maintains knee flexion at 30 °. Patella alta, sulcus angle,
merchant angle and Laurin angle were measured.
Only men
Jan et al, 2009
Case-control
N=54 (76%♀)
Mean age: 40.8y (±9.3)
Mean mass: 58.4 kg (±10.4)
Mean height: 160.7 cm (±2.1)
Diagnosis was based on a careful physical examination and history.
Radiographic examination: anteroposterior, lateral, and Merchant
views. Laboratory examination: CRP, Rheumatoid factor, and uric
acid.
N=54((76%♀) age, gender, body height and bodyweight matched
healthy individuals
- the instertion level of the vastus medials obliquus (VMO) on
the medial border of the patella
- VMO volume
- The fiber angle of the VMO
Sonographic measurements were obtained with the subject lying
supine on a bed.
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Jensen et al, 2005
Case-control
N=25(64%)
Mean age: 32.2y (7.1sd)
Mean BMI: 23.8kg/m2(3.2sd)
Recruited from orthopaedic outpatient departments at local
hispitals, from private physiotherapy clinicas and by advertisements
in a local newspaper in Bergen, Norway
PFPS: Insidious onset, diffuse peripatellar and retropatellar
localized pain in 1 or both knees, aggravated by walking uphill or
downhill, squatting, kneeling, or prolonged sitting with flexed knees.
N=23(52%)
Mean age: 29.1y(8.7sd)
Mean BMI: 23.4kg/m2(2.3sd)
No history of recent knee pain
- Coop-Wonca Charts: measure functional or self-perceived
health status restricted to the previous 2 weeks. Comprises
6 scales that assess level of physical fitness, feelings or
emotional problems, ability to carry out daily activities,
social activities, changes in health and overall health.
Scores range from 1 (best) to 5 (worst).
- Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (HSCL-25): shorter
version of the Hopkins symptoms checklist. Mental distress
on a scale from 1 (none) to 4 (very much): identify common
psychiatric symptoms and covers the most common
psychiatric symptoms in the areas of anxiety and
-
depression. (>1.75 psychiatric case in need of treatment)
Triple jump test: functional test that mimics the functional
demands of weight bearing and jumping. Standing on 1
foot, the subjects jumped 3 times on the same lower
extremity along a straight line. The difference between the
lower extremities in cm was recorded as the final score
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Jensen et al, 2008
Case-control
N=91 (62%♀)
Mean age: 31.2y
Mean BMI: 25.3 kg/m2
Recruited from orthopaedic outpatient departments at local
hispitals, from private physiotherapy clinicas and by advertisements
in a local newspaper in Bergen, Norway
PFPS: Insidious onset, diffuse peripatellar and retropatellar
localized pain in 1 or both knees, aggravated by walking uphill or
downhill, squatting, kneeling, or prolonged sitting with flexed knees.
N=23(52%♀)
Mean age: 29.1y
Mean BMI: 23.4kg/m2
No history of recent knee pain
(same group fromJensent et al, 2005)
- Thermotesting: The baselin temperature for the thermode
was set at 32°C. The thermal stimulation limits were preset
to + 7°C at the coolest level and +52°C at the warmest. The
rate of temperature change was 1°C/s, and when returning
to baselin 2°C/s. Measurements were made using the
method of limits, performed by gradually increasing the
intensity of stimuli to the point of detection. Detection
thresholds of warmth (WDT) and thresholds of cold (CDT)
were averaged from the response of 5 consecutive warm
and cold stimuli applied to each test site. The computer
generated thermal stimuli at random 4 to 7-second
intervals. Painful cold (CPT) and heat thresholds (HPT)
were calculated in the same way except that only 3
consecutive stimuli were used. By terminating the test at a
level of uncomfortable heat/cold, we wanted to avoid
stimulating pain inhibition mechanisms by diffuse noxious
inhibitory control.
- Von Frey monofilaments: tactile thresholds.
- Vibrameter: vibration thresholds (VTs) were tested with a
handheld vibrameter.
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Joensen et al, 2001
Case-control
N=24(38%♀)
Median age: 22.3y
Mean body height:157.7 cm(10.1sd)
Mean Body weight: 71.1kg(10.3sd)
Mean BMI: 23 kg/m2 (1.9sd)
Diagnosed at the sports clinic.
Anterior knee pain for more than 2 montshs, and knee pain by
direct compression of the patella against the femoral condyles with
the knee in full extension, and no clinical signs of lesions of the
menisci, ligaments or musculoskeletal structures of the knee
Controls description
Description of determinant
N=17(35%♀)
Median age:20.9y
Mean body height: 178.7 cm(5.5sd)
Mean body weight: 70.8kg(8.9sd)
BMI: 22.2 kg/m2(2.5sd)
Controls were randomly selected from the registration list of a local
sports club comprising the following types of sports: athletics,
badminton, basketball, soccer, European team-hand-ball and
tennis.
Articular cartilage lesion examined by MRI
Grade 1: appears as a simple, poorly defined hypodense area
within the hyperdense signal of the patellar cartilage.
Grade 2: a swelling hypodensity within the patellar cartilage that
deforms the posterior patellar chondral surface.
Grade 3: Deformation of the posterior patellar surface, which then
appears irregular with a disrupted surface
Grade 4: Areas of full-thick-ness destruction of the cartilage
Stratifying for gender, age and BMI
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Keser et al, 2008
Case-control
N=109 knees (62% ♀knees)
Mean age: 29.7y
Mean age ♀: 29y ♂: 30y
< 40 year
Suffering from AKP without any apparent etiology and specific
diagnosis despite clinical and radiologic examinations
N=74 knees (54% ♀knees)
Mean age: 27.5y
Mean age ♀: 28y ♂:29y
Matched gender and age
- Lateral trochlear inclination (LTI): tangential line was drawn
to the subchondral bones at posterior portion of both
femoral condyles, another tangential line was drawn to the
subchondral bone of lateral trochlear facte, LTI was
measured as the angle between those two lines
- Trochlear dysplasia
Measurement of knees not cases
Laprade et al, 2003
Case-control
N=33 (67% ♀)
Age range: 19 to 48y
Mean age: 30.8y± 8.5
Mean Height: 174 cm ±.8.8
Mean Weight: 76.9 kg ± 14.5
Years of service: 10.5 ± 7.8
All subjects had been referred to the on-site physical therapists with
a physician diagnosis of patellofemoral pain syndrome.
N=33(67% ♀)
Mean age: 31y ± 8.4
Mean Height: 177 cm ± 10.5
Mean Weight: 75 ± 10.5
Years of service: 11.4 ± 7.9
- Sulcus angle: anterior apex of the lateral femoral condyle,
the anterior apex of the medial femoral condyle, and the
depth of the femoral sulcus.
-
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Patellar angle: measure of the shape of the posterior
patella defined by the lateral apex, the medial apex, and
the posterior apex of the patella
- Lateral patellar angle: unloaded and loaded  the angle
formed between a line connecting the apex of the lateral
and medial femoral condyles and a line connecting the
lateral and posterior patellar apexes.
- Congruence angle: unloaded and loaded  measure of
lateral patellar displacement. Angle formed between the
patellar apex and sulcus is medial to the reference line, the
angle is negative and if it lies laterally, the angle is positive.
- Caton’s ratio: measures of patella alta, ratio less 0.6 is an
indication of patellar infera weheras a ratio greater than 1.3
is an indication of patellar alta.
Royal Military College, controls were matched, possible in 33 cases
from 35 cases (so 2 excluded)
Livingston et al, 2003
Cross-sectional
N=25(56%♀)
Mean age Females: 25.7y (7.05sd)
Mean Height Females: 1.68m (0.09sd)
Mean Mass Females: 64.00kg (8.75sd)
Mean Age Males:28.85y (8.15sd)
Mean Height Males: 1.83m (0.09sd)
Mean Mass Males: 87.45 (10.60sd)
N=50(48%♀)
Mean age Females: 24.2y(6.4sd)
Mean Height Females: 1.66m(0.06sd)
Mean Mass Females: 66.1kg (12.5sd)
Mean age Males: 27.6y (7.5sd)
Mean Height Males: 1.77 (0.05sd)
Mean Mass Males: 80.2 (10.5sd)
- Rearfoot angle measurement: Goniometer.
Subgroups males/females
MacIntyre et al, 2006
Case-control
N=20(35%♀) PFPS with malalignment
Mean age: 30.9y(9.2sd)
Mean Height: 176.9cm(7.9sd)
Mean Weight: 77.9kg (16.1sd)
Positive result on one or more of five test: McConnel patellar glide
test, appreshension test, patellar tracking (compression) test,
passive patellar tilt test and Waldron squat test.
N=20(45%♀) PFPS without malalignment
Mean age: 36.0y (8.2sd)
Mean Height: 175.2cm (10.8sd)
Mean Weight: 81.3 kg (16.1sd)
Negative results on: McConnel patellar glide test, appreshension
test, patellar tracking (compression) test, passive patellar tilt test
and positive result on Waldron squat test in the absence of catching
or visible signs of malalignment of the patella, a positive result on
the flexion test, or a positive result on palpation or medial and
lateral facets.
N=20(35%♀)
Mean age: 30.4y (8.4sd)
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Mean Height: 175.2cm (10.0sd)
Mean Weight: 74.9kg (16.5sd)
Selected to be comparable with the other groups with respect to
age, gender, and physical activity level.
- Patellar rotations: medial/lateral spin, medial/lateral tilt
during flexion/extension
- Patellar translations: medial/lateral translation, anterior
posterior translation and proximal/distal translation.
All members of the military community
Magalhaes et al, 2010
Cross-sectional
N=50(100%♀)
Mean age: 24.6y (6.4sd)
Mean Height: 161.8cm (6.8sd)
Mean Body mass: 59.7 kg( 11.8sd)
Recruited from private orthopedic clinic. History of anterior knee
pain for at least the past 6 weeks and the presence of pain for at
least 3 of the criteria which consist of pain when squatting, climbing
up or down stairs, kneeling, sitting for long periods, performing
resisted isometric knee extension at 60° of knee flexion, and
palpating the medial or lateral facet of the patella.
N=50(100%♀)
Mean age: 24.1y (6.3sd)
Mean Height: 161.2cm (5.9sd)
Mean body mass: 57.9kg (8.3sd)
Similar demographics, who presented to the clinic with upper
extremity tendinopathies and without lower extremity involvement,
were recruited from the same clinic
- Strength of hip abductors
- Strength of hip adductors
- Strength of hip lateral rotators
- Strength of hip flexors
- Strength of hip extensors
Only females. Two subgroups of PFPS: unilateral(n=21) and
bilateral(n=29)
McClinton et al, 2007
Case-control
N=20(45%♀)
Mean age:29.5y(10sd)
Mean Height: 1.73m(0.10sd)
Mean body mass: 75.9kg(9.9sd)
PFPS: Reproducible pain with at least 2 activities associated with
exacerbating PFPS (squatting, stair climbing, kneeling, prolonged
sitting, isometric quadriceps contraction) and reported a minimum
pain scale rating of 3 on a a 0-to-10 visual analog scale, with 0
being no pain and 10 being maximum pain.
N=20(50%♀)
Mean age: 25.4y(3.1sd)
Mean Height: 1.72m(0.12m)
Mean body mass: 78.7kg(19.9sd)
Control subjects were examined by a physical therapist
- Knee flexion angle during stair stepping
Notes
Author, year of publication
Morrish et al, 1997
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Case-control
N=49 (67%♀)
Age range: 20y to 37y median age: 26y
Chronic patellofemoral pain were studied. This pain was
exacerbated by climbing or descending stairs, or undertaking sports
and other activities involving running and/or deep flexion of the
knee. Diagnosed by an orthopedic surgeon, and each was also reexamined for suitability for inclusion.
N=20 (65%♀)
Age range:20y to 33y median age: 25y
University staff and students, care was taken that not only athletic
subjects were chosen, so that the range of accustomed physical
activities was similar in patient and control groups.
- VMO force: angle of 55°
-VLO force
-RF force: angle of 15°
-Both measured with the Cybex II Plus Isokinetic
Dynamometer, with the hip in a neutral rotation.
-Time for 80% tension development (msec)
-Force developed (N)
-Lag factors for: VMO, VLO and RF.
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Muneta et al, 1994
Case-control
N=63 (95%♀) analyzed: 60 (100%♀)
Age range: 13y to 41y
Mean age: 21.1y
Pain originating in the patellofemoral joint and lasting for at least 6
months. Pain occurring at rest during prolonged sitting.
Females predominated in study, as they do in all patients with PFP.
N=19 (100%♀)
Age range 15y to 25y
Mean age: 20.9y
- Tibial tubercle rotation angle: Angle formed by the PC line
and the line between points T and C. Line between the
posterior most edges of the medial and lateral femoral
condyles (PC line). Central point of the patellar tendon at
the tibial tubercle (T) and the central point of the
intercondylar space on the PC line (C).
- Tibial rotation: using the angle formed by the PC line and
the malleolar line (tibial rotation angle)
- Patella tilt: The angle formed by the PC line and the patellar
line (a line connecting the medial edge of the meidal facet
and the lateral edge of the lateral facet in the central slice
of the patella) Three subgroups: low tilt <10°, n=28,
moderate tilt 10° to 20° n=49 and high tilt >20° n=20
Only females, Differences were considered significant at P<0.01
Ota et al, 2008
Case-control
N=22(100%♀)
Mean age: 31.1y(4.4sd)
Mean Height: 157.1(4.5sd)
Mean BMI: 22.8kg/m2(4.6sd)
PFPS: complaints of retropatellar pain that was provoked by
activities (walking, partial squat, or stair ascent/descent) as
Description of determinant
assessed in the pain section of the patellofemoral joint evaluation
scale.
N=22(100%♀)
Mean age:31.3y(4.7sd)
Mean Height: 158.8 (3.6sd)
Mean BMI; 21.4kg/m2(3.8sd)
Matched to a subject with PFPS bases on age, height and BMI
- Lateral patellar displacement
- Lateral patellar mobility index ((lateral patellar displacement
+ patellar width x100)
- Medial patellar displacement
- Medial patellar mobility index ((medial patellar
displacement+ patellar width)x100)
- Patellar mobility balance: lateral minus medial
displacement
Notes
Only females
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Owings et al, 2002
Case-control
N=20(60%♀)
Mean age females: 33.7y(6.9sd)
Mean Height females: 1.65 m(0.06sd)
Mean weight females: 670.8N (156.6sd)
Mean age men: 29.1y(10.7sd)
Mean Height men: 1.77m(0.08sd)
Mean weight men: 884.8N (220.3sd)
N=14(29%♀)
Mean age females: 22.3y(1.6sd)
Mean height females: 1.63m (0.07sd)
Mean weight females: 667.5N(146.7sd)
Mean age men: 24.5y(2.3sd)
Mean height men: 1.81m(0.06sd)
Mean weight men: 752.1N (124.2sd)
- Maximum voluntary concentric and eccentric knee
extension contractions: control subjects performed three
concentric and three eccentric contractions at 60deg/sec.
The PFP subjects performed two concentric and two
eccentric contractions at 15deg/sec. Were performed on a
Kin-Com isokinetic dynamometer.
- EMG of VL
- EMG of VMO
Controls description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Näslund et al, 2007
Case-control
N=22(59%♀)
Mean age: 33y (11sd)
Mean Height: 175 cm (6sd)
Mean Weight: 72 kg (10sd)
BMI: 23 kg/m2 (3sd)
Pain duration greater than 6 months, no causative explanation for
the pain in clinical examination, no treatment, no pathologic
changes
N=33(45%♀)
Mean age: 36y (10sd)
Mean Height: 175 cm (11sd)
Mean Weight: 78 kg (16sd)
Description of determinant
BMI: 26 kg/m2 (4sd)
Visitors to a health club in the same geographic area. Age- and
sex-matched.
Pulsatile blood flow in the patella: photoplethysmography with the
knees flexed at both 20° and 90° of flexion
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Patil and White, 2010
Case-control
N=34(59%♀)
Mean age: 17y (Range 12-23y)
Patients were enrolled via a specially designated anterior knee pain
clinic.
N=34(59%♀)
Mean age: 17y (Range 12-23y)
Selected from four local schools and colleges. None of them
suffered from knee pain
- Generalised joint laxity: Beighton’s index: calculated by
examining extension of the little finger, opposition of the
thumb to the forearm with wrist flexion, elbow and knee
hyperextension and hip flexion.
- Q-angles
- Popliteal angle: hamstring tightness, using goniometer
- Antero-posterior knee laxity: using the KT-1000
arthrometer.
- External hip rotation (°)
- Internal hip rotation (°)
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Patil et al, 2010, IN PRESS
Case-control
N=20(60%♀)
Mean age: 15.8y(2.5sd)
Mean height: 1.66m(0.08sd)
Mean Weight: 57.5kg (9.7sd)
Recruited via a dedicated anterior knee pain clinic.
Pain in front of the knee of at least 6 months duration occurring
during routine daily activities with no identifiable structural cause.
N=17(59%♀)
Mean age: 14.8y (2.5sd)
Mean Height: 1.64m(0.07sd)
Mean Weight: 59.3(8.2sd)
Recruited from local schools and colleges.
- Onset timing difference of medial and lateral hamstrings
- Q-angle
- Beighton’s index: for joint laxity
Onset timing difference of VL-VMO only measured in 18 PFPS
patients
Piva et al, 2005
Case-control
N=30(57%♀)
Mean age: 25.8y (±6.0sd)
Mean height: 169.7 (±14.2sd)
Body mass: 76.9 (±17.4sd)
Pain in 1 or both knees, duration of symptoms greater than 4
Controls description
Description of determinant
weeks.
N=30(57%♀)
Mean age: 25.7y(±5.9sd)
Mean Height:170.9cm (±10.6sd)
Body mass: 68.8 kg (±14.2sd)
- Hip external rotation strength
- Hip abduction strength
- Length and flexibility of the quadriceps muscle: measuring
the knee angle during passive knee flexion, using a gravity
goniometer.
- Length and flexibilityof the hamstrings: measuring the
straight leg raise, using a goniometer.
- Length and flexibility of gastrocnemius and soleus:
measuring the amount of active ankle joint dorsiflexion with
the knee extended and again with the knee flexed at 90°
- Length and flexibility of Iliotibial band/tensor fascia lata
complex: using the Ober’s test
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Powers et al, 2000*
Case-control
N=23(100%♀)
Mean Age: 26.8y (8.5sd)
Mean Height: 165.6cm (7.2sd)
Mean Weight: 62.2kg (9.1sd)
Patients of the southern California orthopaedic institute who were
deemed to be appropriate candidates by the treating physician.
Subject’s pain originated from the patellofemoral joint, and only
patients with histories relating to nontraumatic events were
accepted. Pain with at least 2 of the following activities: stair ascent
or descent, squatting, kneeling, prolonged sitting, or isometric
quadriceps femoris muscle contraction.
N=12(100%♀)
Mean Age:29.1y (5.0sd)
Mean Height: 168.4 cm(8.0sd)
Mean Weight: 61.2 kg (8.0sd)
- VL:VMO ratio
- VL:VML ratio
- Bisect offset: Medial and lateral patellar displacement.
Measured by drawing a line connecting the posterior
femoral condyles and then projecting a perpendicular line
anteriorly through the deepest point of the trochlear groove.
- Patellar tilt angle: measured by the lines joining the
maximum width of the patella and the line joining the
posterior femoral condyles
- Sulcus angle: the angle formed by the highest points of the
medial and lateral femoral condyles and the lowest point of
the intercondylar sulcus.
Only females
* Both studies, part I and II
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Powers et al, 1996
Case-control
N=26(100%♀)
Mean age: 25.6y(7.1sd)
Mean Height:165.1cm(10.4sd)
Mean Weight:63.9kg(9.8sd)
Recruited from orthopaedic clinics in the Los Angeles area.
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Pain originating from the patellofemoral joint articulation (only
patient histories relating to overuse or insidious onset were
accepted) and readily reproducible pain with at least two activities
commonly associated with PFP (squatting, stair climbing, kneeling,
prolonged sitting, isometric quadriceps femoris muscle contraction)
N=19(100%♀)
Mean age: 27.5y(4.7sd)
Mean Height: 165.3cm(7.7sd)
Mean Weight: 59.2kg(7.5sd)
Recruited from the student population at the University of Southern
California and Rancho Los Amigos Medical Center.
- Onset and Cessation of EMG activity of the Vastus medial
oblique muscle, vastus medialis longus muscle, vastus
intermedius muscle and vastus lateris muscle during free
speed walking
- Onset and Cessation of EMG activity of the Vastus medial
oblique muscle, vastus medialis longus muscle, vastus
intermedius muscle and vastus lateris muscle during fast
walking
- Onset and Cessation of EMG activity of the Vastus medial
oblique muscle, vastus medialis longus muscle, vastus
intermedius muscle and vastus lateris muscle during
ascending ramp
- Onset and Cessation of EMG activity of the Vastus medial
oblique muscle, vastus medialis longus muscle, vastus
intermedius muscle and vastus lateris muscle during
descending ramp
- Onset and Cessation of EMG activity of the Vastus medial
oblique muscle, vastus medialis longus muscle, vastus
intermedius muscle and vastus lateris muscle ascending
stairs
- Onset and Cessation of EMG activity of the Vastus medial
oblique muscle, vastus medialis longus muscle, vastus
intermedius muscle and vastus lateris muscle during
descending stairs
- Knee joint motion: analyzed for minimum and maximum
values at each phase of the gait cycle
Only females
Salsich et al, 2007
Case-control
N=21(76%♀)
Mean Age: 26.8 (7.7sd)
Mean Height: 165.2cm (5.3sd)
Body Mass: 66.2 kg (11.5 kg)
Pain surrounding the patellofemoral articulation that was readily
reproducible with at least 2 of the following provocation test:
resisted quadriceps contraction, squatting, prolonged sitting, stair
ascent, or stair descent. Minimum pain duration of 2 months
N=21 (67%♀)
Mean Age: 23.2y (4.1sd)
Mean Height: 169.0 (8.7sd)
Mean Weight: 68.7 (14.2sd)
Current pain-free status of all lower extremity joints.
- Contact area measurements, using MRI: curvilinear line,
representing the length of cartilage contact on the medial
and lateral facets.
- Patellar alignment measures, using MRI: patellar
displacement (bisect offset) and lateral patellar tilt were
quantified.
-
Tibiofemoral rotation, using MRI
Patellar width line, using MRI
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Souza et al, 2009
Case-control
N=21 (100%♀)
Mean age: 27y (6sd)
Mean Height: 1.70m (8.1sd)
Mean mass: 64.7 kg (10.4sd)
Subjects with PFPS were screened through physical examination
by a license physical therapist to rule out ligamentous instability,
internal derangement, patellar tendinitis, and large knee effusion.
Only those subjects meeting the following criteria were admitted to
the experimental group: pain located specifically around the
patellofemoral articulation, readily reproducible pain (3 out of 10 on
VAS) with at least 2 of the following functional activities commonly
associated with PFP: stair ascent or descent, squatting, kneeling,
prolonged sitting, or isometric quadriceps contraction; and reports
of pain greater than 3 months duration.
N=20(100%♀)
Mean:26y (5sd)
Mean Height:1.7 (6.0sd)
Mean mass:62.9 kg (6.6sd)
Control subjects were recruited primarily from the university setting,
using posted flyers.
- Hip internal rotation (°) during drop jump, running, stepdown
- Peak Hip adduction (°) during drop jump, running, stepdown
- Peak Torque (Nm/kg) production during isometric strength
testing: hip extension and hip abduction
- %Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of
gluteus maximus during drop jump, running and step-down
- %MVIC gluteus medius during drop jump, running and
step-down
Only females
Stefanyshyn et al, 2006
Case-control
N=20(?♀)
Mean age: 34.6y (9.8sd)
Mean Height: 170.0cm (9.4sd)
Mean mass: 66.8kg (12.5sd)
Patellofemoral pain at time of study, with no other injuries to the
lower extremity in the past 3 monts.
Pain on palpation of the medial or lateral border of the patella, pain
on deep knee flexion, and/or pain on the posterior surface of the
patella when the quadriceps muscles were contracted with the knee
in full extension
N=20(?♀)
Mean age: 34.4y (10.3sd)
Mean Height: 176.5cm (9.4sd)
Mean Mass: 70.8 (13.4sd)
Patients who never had patellofemoral pain, with no other injuries to
the lower extremity in the past 3 months
- Knee abduction impulses
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Thomee et al, 1995
Case-control
N=40(100%♀)
Mean age: 20y(3sd)
Mean Height: 169 cm (6sd)
Mean Weight: 64 kg (9sd)
Patellofemoral pain if 3 of the following inclusion criteria were
fulfilled: during and/or after activity, during and/or after sitting,
during walking in stairs and during squatting.
N=20(100%♀)
Mean age: 22y(3sd)
Mean Height: 168cm (6sd)
Mean Weight: 61kg (9sd)
A list of all patients’ dates of birth was sent to the Swedish Social
Insurance Bureau in Goteborg. People with the same dates of birth
were randomly selected by the Bureau and from this group 20
healthy women with no history of knee pain were selected.
- Q-angle at 0° knee angle
- Q-angle at 30° knee angle
- Knee hyperextension angle
- Angle between lower leg and horizontal
- Angle between calcaneus and horizontal
- Angle between lower leg and calcaneus
- Arch index: using method described in cavanagh &
Rodgers
- recreational sports participation
Only Females
Tuncyurek et al, 2010
Case-control
N=23 (52%♀)
Mean Age: 36.8y(14sd)
Mean BMI: 25.7kg/m2 (4.3sd)
Careful history was taken and physical examination was performed
in order to avoid a disease that may interfere with knee problems.
N=9 (78%♀)
Mean Age:25.7y(8.8sd)
Mean BMI: 21.8kg/m2 (4.0sd)
-
Surface area, using freehand technique: calculation of the
area was automatically performed by the software supplied
with the MRI device
- Longitudinal Length of the patellar tendon, using saggital
images.
- Thickness of the middle part of the patellar tendon, using
saggital images
Significant if p value was less then 0.01
Werner et al, 1995
Case-control
N=27(52%♀)
Mean age females: 26.2y (5.5sd)
Mean age males: 29.9y(5.6sd)
All patients were examined by experienced orthopaedic surgeons.
Patients complained of intermittent retropatellar and/or
anteromedial pain. Their knee pain was associated with
patellofemoral joint loading activities, and they met at least three of
Controls description
Description of determinant
Notes
Author, year of publication
Study design
Patient description
Controls description
Description of determinant
the following criteria: increasing pain during: walking, jogging,
and/or running, stair climbing upstairs and/or downstairs, squatting
or prolonged sitting with flexed knees (>30min)
N=27matched for age within 6 months and gender. Also matchetd
for type of sports and physical activity
Recruited from the physical therapy school at the karolinska
Institute
- Peak torque knee flexion 60°
- Knee flexion and extension at 60° during concentric
movement
- Knee flexion and extension at 60° during eccentric
movement
- Knee flexion and extension at 180° during concentric
movement
- Knee flexion and extension at 180° during eccentric
movement
EMG recording only in 8 patients  data not used for review
Willson et al, 2008*
Case-control
N=20 (100%♀)
Mean age: 23.7y (3.6sd)
Mean Height: 1.66m (0.06sd)
Mean Weight: 61.1 kg (5.4sd)
PFPS: verbal pain score of at least a 3 on a 0- to 10-pint scale
during at least 2 activities such as squatting, prolonged sitting,
ascending or descending stairs, running, or jumping. Symptoms
needed to be in the peripatellar area and not solely at the iliotibial
band, patellar tendon, or knee joint line. Symptoms had be
presented for a minimum of 2 months
N=20 (100%♀)
Mean age: 23.3y (3.1sd)
Mean Height: 1.66 (0.08sd)
Mean Weight: 61.5 (10.6sd)
Free of lower extremity symptoms at rest or during running or
jumping
- Frontal plane pelvis angle at peak knee extension
- Hip joint angles at peak knee extension moment
- Knee joint angles at peak knee extension moment
- Hip joint angular impulse
- Knee joint angular impulse
- Vertical ground reaction force during quiet stance, 45° knee
flexion during single leg squats, and at the instance of peak
knee extension moment for running and repetitive single
leg jumps.
- Knee extension moment at 45° knee flexion during single
leg squats and peak knee extension moment values during
running and single leg jumps
- Knee transverse plane angles during single leg squats,
running and single leg jump
- Knee angular excursion during single leg squats, running
and single leg jump
- Hip adduction frontal plane angles during single leg squat,
running and single leg jump
- Hip adductiong angular excursion during single leg squat,
running and single leg jump
- Hip transverse plane angles during single leg squat,
running and single leg jump
- Hip transverse angular excursion during the single leg
squat, running and single leg jump
-
Knee internal rotation during squat, run and single leg jump
Hip adduction angle during squat, run and single leg jump
Hip internal rotation during squat, run and single leg jump
Quadriceps angle: measured with a goniometer with the
subjects positioned suspine, quadriceps relaxed, and toes
point toward the ceiling.
- Pelvis width to femoral length ratio
- Femoral length
- Lateral trunk flexion: isometric strength
- Hip abduction: isometric strength
- Hip external rotation: isometric strength
- Frontal plane pelvis angle at peak knee extension
- Hip joint angles at peak knee extension moment
- Knee joint angles at peak knee extension moment
- Hip joint angular impulse
- Hip joint angular impulse
Notes
Only females
* data from AJSM study used for all three studies, contacted author