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The Odysseus dEPC Ontology 1 1.1 Introduction The Odysseus dynamic Energy Profile Card (dEPC) Ontology (or the Odysseus “Energy Ontology” in short) is an advanced open semantic information structure covering a wide variety of information types relevant for improved (fossil) energy-efficiency and CO2 reduction in city’s neighbourhoods. The ontology covers entities like buildings where people perform activities; but also street lighting sections, windmill parks, solar parks etc., all under the required indoor/outdoor climate conditions. Information aspects distinguished are: A. Energy: roles, like producing, consuming, storing, transforming, switching & transporting energy, played by matter: B. Matter: physical Devices, like sensors, measuring conditions; meters, measuring (energy and material) flows; and infusors and extractors like the light systems and radiators, that condition the Spaces: C. Space: conditioned areas like building spaces in buildings, but also areas in windmill parks and solar parks. Especially relevant are local device spaces like a gas boiler grouping devices and a carrier that together convert energy from one form to another. Besides these infusors/extractors all these spaces are typically also directly or indirectly influenced by external influences like their boundaries and the climate behind those boundaries. These three key aspects (energy, matter and space) and their interconnections are further detailed in the next sections. 1.2 Energy An energy network is a set of energy nodes (E-Nodes) and energy connections (EConnections), where each energy connection connects exactly two energy nodes (a start node and an end node indicating a direction). An energy node, being always of one specific energy form, comes in four flavours: E-Consumer nodes, consuming energy E-Producer nodes, producing energy E-Storer nodes, storing energy over time E-Switcher nodes, as logistic nodes, controlling the flows between energy nodes: blocking certain connections and hereby stopping an energy flow or making the energy flow take a specific path in case of multiple choices The energy connections indicate how energy nodes are topologically connected and determine how energy can flow from one node to another. A positive flow means a flow from start to end. Energy networks (and their E-Nodes) can have a specific energy form. We distinguish: Electricity Gas Heat Wind Solar Kinetic Another energy form means another energy network. One energy node only deals with one energy form, more energy forms means more/separate energy nodes. 1.3 Matter Matter can be found on multiple levels of aggregation of which we select two: Neighbourhood Level, consisting of Entities like buildings, windmill parks, solar parks etc., and Entity Level, like the Building Level as a special case, consisting of 1) Installations consisting of a) Devices like appliances or installation parts like infusors (i.e. radiators) and extractors (i.e. PV-panels), that play E-Production/E-Consumption or E-Switcher roles and b) physical connections between devices like wires, ducts, and pipes; but also 2) Carriers playing specifically E-Storer roles. So, beside energy nodes we also have ‘material nodes’ that have a relevance in energy management. Sometimes they fulfil one or more energy roles, sometimes they just measure conditions (sensors) or (energy) flows (meters). We distinguish several kinds of devices: Infusors, consuming energy while “increasing” conditions Extractors, producing energy while “decreasing” conditions Appliances, consuming energy while providing end-user functionalities Switchers, controlling logistics Exchanger, a device that can both be an infusor or an extractor (typically not at the same time) Sensors and Meters, providing information about conditions and energy flows respectively Infusors Infusors consume energy and transfer it to a form that directly changes (“increases”) the conditions of areas; to be more precise: the carrier mounted in such area which can be physical (a medium) or virtual (a contract). The infusors can be seen as the end nodes (the ‘leafs’) from a topological chain of devices. In some way, the ‘weather’ can also be considered as giant external actuator which is typically hard to manage, playing an important infusion or extraction role. Nevertheless the weather is modelled separately in the dEPC assuming to have a global effect on all conditioned areas. Examples of infusors are: Radiators, increasing the temperature of a room, LightingSystems, increasing the luminance of a room, and Humidifiers increasing the relativeHumidity of a room, Infusors can be quite local like by a gas burner that is heating a conditioned area embodied by a gas boiler as device conditioned area. Extractors Extractors are ‘inverse infusors’. They produce energy by extraction from conditions of areas. A good example is a windmill extracting energy from wind speed conditions (in a sense actuated by the weather). On the local scale of a device a heat exchanger (like a water spiral) is a good example extracting heat from a local device conditioned area into hot water energy (heat). Switchers Switchers can change/control the flow of energy through the network, typically by blocking certain connections. An example of a special kind of Switcher is: Blinds, decreasing the luminance of a room (‘blocking the energy produced by the weather’). Appliances Appliances just consume energy to provide some function like a dishwasher, laptop or television. In some way they ‘condition’ the room with functionalities but we kept them separate from infusors that really change the physical conditions. We also distinguish some special appliances like an adiabatic cooler that is driven by heat, ‘destroying’ energy to the weather as external sink. Also an air refresher is an appliance since it does not change the energy conditions of an area. We modelled currently in dEPC some specific appliances: "Beamer", "CookingStove", "Dishwasher", "DryingMachine", "Laptop", "Refrigirator", "Television", "WashingMachine", "AdiabaticCooler", "AirRefreshmentSystem". In the WP6 standardization task we will compare this list with appliance types defined by ETSI1 and similar standardization efforts in the area of smart appliances. Switchers 1 European Telecommunications Standards Institute, http://www.etsi.org/ Switchers are the physical devices playing E-Switcher roles like water pumps, manifolds, blinds, electrical switches etc. Sensors and Meters Outdoor climate/weather conditions of the neighbourhood where the entity (like a building) is located, or indoor climate conditions of rooms can be measured by sensors. The mentioned actuators of the indoor climate conditions of associated rooms and the convertors but also other devices like appliances and meters/sensors themselves consume and/or produce energy. This energy consumption/production can be measured indirectly by energy meters that are associated to energy flows as signals in energy connections between energy nodes. A special case of Signal is a ProfileSignal being a discrete time series of TimePointSignals or IntervalSignals (being themselves Signals and related to ‘simple’ base or derived quantities (having units) with a time stamp) where quantities refer to the above mentioned space conditions and energy node/connection energy properties (consumption, production, flow etc.). For each complex property we can optionally indicate: valueType: Required, Expected or Measured (default: Measured) ValueKind: Instant, Incremental, Accumulative, Average, Minimal, Maximal or Average (default: Instant) valueOrigin: Asserted or Inferred (default: Asserted) An entity like a building has zero or more installations each covering max one energy form like electricity, gas and hot water that consists of zero or more devices. An installation might also not be dealing with energy like the monitoring installation or the sewer installation. The hierarchies of the decompositions of the various energy networks for different energy forms is at entity (like building) level strongly correlated with the energy node interaction of the energy flows in the energy connections. This makes it possible to state that the energy consumption of a certain form by a system is always the summation of the energy consumption of its direct parts (not in a transitive way also including its indirect parts, otherwise you are counting double, triple etc.). The same its true for the production side of the picture and the “connection between production and consumption” is always on the higher aggregation level of the entity’s installation itself. 1.4 Space Spaces are indoor or outdoor entity-level areas (referred to as rooms) which require, are expected to have or just really have certain conditions for activities/processes that have to be performed in them. This is why we refer to them in this context collectively as ‘conditioned areas’. Buildings consist of one or more building spaces as conditioned areas. Furthermore, buildings can have zero or more (horizontal, vertical or mixed) zones or as we call them building space groups, that group a minimum of two building spaces. Note that grouping is not the same as (stronger) decomposition: when a building space group is deleted, the building spaces are still there; also the building spaces can be ‘part of’ multiple building space groups. A conditioned area has a physical medium mounted in it having a set of optional conditions that together form its indoor/outdoor climate like temperature, relative humidity, CO2 level and luminance. These conditions are besides all kind of structural/passive factors determined by external dynamic factors like the climate/weather conditions for the relevant neighbourhood, dynamic factors (occupation, appliances used) and finally the infusors and extractors of the various installations playing energy roles. We have also local, device-level spaces/conditioned areas which are especially relevant when storing, converting or transforming energy. Some example of such local conditioned areas: Buffers, like o Batteries (electricity > chemical > electricity) o (Isolated) water tanks (heat > heat > heat) Convertors, like o Gas boilers, where the form of energy is converted via for instance gas burning (actuation of the local conditioned area) and heat exchange to warm water (extraction from the local conditioned area). Transformers, like o Electricity transformer (high <> low voltage) o Gas Pressure transformer (high <> low pressure) Transformers are a bit like convertors but now they operate in one type of energy network (i.e. one energy form). They do not consume or produce energy but only change its ‘shape’ like high to low temperature, high to low voltage etc. 1.5 Key relationships Earlier we discussed generic (key) relationships like decomposition (CMO’s hasPart) & topology (dEPC’s startNode and endNode for modelling E-Connections). Especially in the dEPC ontology we require other, more specific, relationships to come from one aspect to another in a dEPC model. Between energy & matter Device ‘playsRoleOf’ zero or more E-Node Signal (‘eFlow’) ‘measuredBy’ zero or one Meter Between matter & space Device or Carrier ‘mountedIn’ one ConditionedArea Signal (‘condition’) ‘measuredBy’ zero or one Sensor Between energy & space eConsumption and eProduction properties are typically attached to the E-Node subclass ‘E-Consumer’ resp. ‘E-Producer’. They can be asserted, or derived from eFlow measurements related to an E-Connection by an (energy) meter. We can also attach eConsumption/eProduction etc. to a neighbourhood or even a city as a whole by querying and aggregating the underlying level. Those eConsumption/eProduction together with their form of energy can tell us about the expected change of conditions in the conditioned areas they are mounted in. Energy E-Node ‘hasSignal’ zero or more Signal (‘energy subproperties’) E-Connection ‘hasSignal’ zero or more Signal (‘energy flows’) Space BuildingGroup ‘groups’ two or more Buildings BuildingSpaceGroup ‘groups’ two or more BuildingSpace ConditionedArea or Carrier ‘hasSignal’ zero or more Signal (‘conditions’)