Download (Section II): The Spread of Industry

Section II: The Spread of Industry
(Pages 514 - 519)
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This section is about:
The spread of the
Industrial revolution to
other countries and how
industrialization affected
the United States.
The difference between
industrialization in
western and Asian
countries and their
colonies.
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We looked at Great Britain
in the last section.
Now, their ideas are
spreading to the rest of the
world.
Some of the world’s big
industrial centers are on
page 517. Were there any
anywhere else? (I don’t
see China on here).
You may have also seen
the picture on page 516.
Look at the “Main Ideas”
on 514: especially B and C.
The Spread of Industry in Europe
Following Britain's Lead
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Other countries saw what Britain was
doing.
Britain didn’t want competition so they
passed laws forbidding people to take
their new ideas outside the country.
The laws didn’t work, but Britain did have
a big head start.
Belgium became the next country to
industrialize and then France (who offered
money to spies who’d bring them British
technology information), and then
Germany.
The best case of spying was done by
Samuel Slater, (who had worked with
Richard Arkwright’s partner). Slater
brought British ideas to the U.S. (New
York) where he started the American
textile industry with Moses Brown.
An Uneven Process
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The Industrial Revolution is
really many separate
events – with many of the
great discoveries being
made in England.
Eli Whitney (American and
the cotton gin) contributed
and so did some French.
But the I.R. really took off
in places with lots of
resources and lots of
workers.
This was more in Western
Europe than Eastern
Europe.
Industrialization in the United States
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The United States started out as
a land of farmers (1790: 95% of
Americans).
Alexander Hamilton argued the
United States needed to become
a manufacturing country.
He said it would help our
economy and our country grow
(more workers moving here for
opportunities).
We also have all the natural
resources needed to
manufacture just about
anything.
The Early Phase
of Manufacturing
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One of the things the U.S. had
to worry about as a new
country was defending itself
(lots of wars in the world at
the time).
Eli Whitney also helped with
that - with the idea of
interchangeable parts for
weapons.
This would make producing
and fixing weapons much
more efficient – and factories
could produce a lot of them.
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The factory system soon
caught on in the United States,
but it did take advantage of
people (and children) just like
other places.
One place that didn’t: Francis
Cabot Lowell’s spinning
factory in Massachusetts had
about 10,000 workers.
This “Lowell System” hired
many young, unmarried
women, who’d live in
dormitories (the idea had good
and bad points).
Hamilton and Congress also
came up with the idea of a
protective tariff.
This would put a tax on
imports – making them more
expensive than domestic
products.
A tax which makes imports more expensive than home-produced
Transportation and Communications
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Fulton’s steamboat “fired up”
Americans.
To get waterways, we started
digging many canals – like the
Erie Canal which connected
the Hudson River (NY) to the
Great Lakes.
The United States built many
railroads, and eventually a
transcontinental railroad –
from the east to west coast
(helping western settlement
and trade).
Two more advances: the
telegraph (Samuel Morse) and
later the telephone (Alexander
Graham Bell).
Advances and Setbacks
Advances in Technology and Science
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Ideas in science also helped
the Industrial Revolution.
Henry Bessemer (1850’s)
came up with “the
Bessemer process” to make
steel quickly and cheaply –
and purer and stronger –
and faster.
This stronger steel made
taller buildings, better and
bigger bridges, more
railroad tracks…..
And – the United States has
plenty of coal and iron.
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In medicine: Horace Wells
(American dentist) came up
with a anesthetic to stop pain
during surgery.
Joseph Lister (English) began
to use antiseptics to stop
infections during surgeries.
Thomas Edison (in 3 years):
the microphone, phonograph,
the electric light bulb,
etc…(1000 inventions) in his
lab in Menlo Park, New Jersey.
X-Rays (Roentgen),
Radioactivity (Curie), Einstein's
ideas of physics and relativity
– all in the mid to late 1800’s.
European Policies in India and Indonesia
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The Industrial Revolution came at
the height of the period of
colonialism.
Britain's lead in the I.R., it’s
powerful navy, and all the lands it
controlled made in the most
powerful country in the world.
One place England tried to control
was India (to hold them back from
competing for textile power). They
really mis-managed their control of
India’s resources and people.
The Dutch also expanded their
empire into Indonesia, and didn’t
do them too many favors either.
(ruling foreign lands for economic and military power)