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The Holocaust Teach Me Something… What do YOU know about the Holocaust? The Basics “Holocaust”- Greek for “sacrifice by fire” German Race (Aryan) deemed “pure” http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/media_nm.php ?lang=en&ModuleId=10005143&MediaId= 3372 Mein Kampf Book written by Hitler outlining the idea of a superior race “If, with the help of his Marxist creed, the Jew is victorious over the other peoples of the world, his crown will be the funeral wreath of humanity…Hence today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord” (60) “Here he stops at nothing, and in his vileness he becomes so gigantic that no one need be surprised if among our people the personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew. The ignorance of the broad masses about the inner nature of the Jew, the lack of instinct and narrowmindedness of our upper classes, make the people an easy victim for this Jewish campaign of lies” The “Final Solution” The “Final Solution” Jews were the largest group targeted Nuremberg Laws 1. Established in 1935 2. Jews were no longer German citizens 3. Germans not allowed to marry Jews 4. “Jew” = anyone with 3 or 4 Jewish grandparents 5. Jews unemployed 6. “Jews and Dogs Not Allowed” “Kristallnacht” 1. November 9-10, 1938 2. Nazi Youth, ‘Storm Troopers’, and German supporters 3. “Night of Broken Glass” 4. Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues 5. 30,000 Jewish males arrested Berlin Book Burning 1. Happened during “Kristallnacht” 2. Took place at university in Berlin 3. Nazi Youth The Victims- Jews Jews were the largest group targeted Primary “threat”, according to Hitler Seen as taking over the world Propaganda 1. Anti-Semantic Literature for children 2. “The Mongrel” 3. Nazi Propaganda everywhere (controlled by gov’t) The Ghettos 1. Jews rounded up beginning 1939 (yellow star) 2. Sent to live in ghettos for unknown period of time 3. Seen as a “holding place” for Jews The Victims- Gypsies (Roma) 1. Definition- people who move from place to place in groups (no set home) 2. Persecuted long before Hitler/Nazi regime. The Victims- Gypsies (Roma) 3. Dr. Ritter- helped Nazi Cause 4. Are gypsies biologically made to be criminals? 5. They are “primitive” and not able to be a part of normal society. The Victims- Gypsies (Roma) 6. 1936- Central Office to “Combat the Gypsy Nuisance” 7. Very similar situation to Jews (ghettos, deportation, etc) The Victims- Gypsies (Roma) 8. July, 1936- 600 arrested 9. Put in internment camp near sewage dump; unsanitary 10. Identified by Black Triangle The Victims- Jehovah’s Witnesses 1. Developed in U.S. in 19th century 2. Expected to be “publishers” 3. Weren’t liked even before 1933 The Victims- Jehovah’s Witnesses 4. Refused to swear allegiance to “worldly gov’t” 5. “Guilty” because of “Jewish connections” in faith (Old Testament) 6. Wrote letter to convince Hitler they were harmless The Victims- Jehovah’s Witnesses 7. 1935- nationally outlawed the religion 8. Had chance to escape punishment. 9. Wore the Purple Triangle The Victims- Polish/Political Prisoners 1. Intelligensia captured and imprisoned/killed 2. Qualifying children captured and given to Aryan families 3. No specific mark (asocial, political, “purple P”, etc) The Victims- Political Prisoners 4. Those who resisted the Nazi regime 5. Anti-Nazi Confessional Church 6. Wore the Red Triangle The Victims- Homosexuals 1. Paragraph 175- 1871 2. Mangus Hirschfeld research: “not really men” 3. Hirschfeld’s Institute of Sexual Science burned in Berlin Book Burning The Victims- Homosexuals 4. “Pink Lists” 5. Men targeted, not women (asocials) 6. Ernst Rohm The Victims- Homosexuals 7. Camp conditions for homosexuals much worse than others 8. Choice between camp or castration 9. Medical experiments performed to turn them to heterosexuals The Victims- Homosexuals 10. “Forgotten Victims” 11. Still received punishments 12. 1969- 175 repelled The Victims- Handicapped 1. Included mental, emotional, and physical 2. 1933- forced sterilization 3. U.S. used forced sterilization BEFORE Germany! The Victims- Handicapped 4. “Useless eaters” 5. 1939- Euthanasia (“mercy killing”) for extermination 6. No physical examination- only questionaire The Victims- Handicapped 7. Lethal injection replaced with gassing (1940). 8. Celebrated 10,000th cremated patient with beer and wine 9. Public found out- was told killings were “halted” Death Totals (approx.) 1. Jews- 6 million 2. Gypsies- 250,000 – 500,000 3. Jehovah’s Witnesses- 1,500 4. Political Prisoners- 200,000+ 5. Homosexuals- 10,000 6. Handicapped- 200,000-250,000 Other Info Einsatzgruppen (mobile euthanasia squads) Other Info The Gas Chambers… Other Info Dr. Mengele- ‘Angel of Death’ Experiments The use of human subjects in medical experiments. Most notorious physician - Dr. Josef Mengele, who worked in Auschwitz. – Experiments included: 1. placing subjects in pressure chambers, 2. testing drugs on them, 3. freezing them, 4. attempting to change eye color by injecting chemicals into children's eyes – Subjects who survived Mengele's experiments were almost always killed and dissected after the experiments. Different Camps 2 Different Concentration Camps: – Labor Camps- work to death – Death Camps- built for extermination The Concentration Camps All throughout Europe Worst ones in Poland: Auschwitz-Birkenau, Buchenwald Prisoners “tattooed” for I.D. Labor Camps Camp living conditions were atrocious. – – – – windowless, non-insulated barracks, up to 500 in one building, No bathrooms were available- a bucket was the only form of waste control. – Each barrack had about 36 bunks, it was typical for 5 or 6 inmates to squeeze onto one plank. – Food was scarce and what was available was disgusting, watery soup with rotten stew or vegetables, stale, molded bread, perhaps some tea, or a bitter, coffee-like drink that was anything but coffee. Malnutrition made prisoners easy targets for disease and dehydration. Killing Centers Railroad freight cars and passenger trains would bring in victims. Men immediately seperated from women. Prisoners stripped and their valuables confiscated. Forced naked into the gas chambers, disguised as showers, where carbon monoxide or Zyklon B asphyxiated them. The bodies then stripped of hair, gold fillings and teeth, and burned in crematoria, or buried in enormous mass graves. (The hair was used for ship rope and mattresses). The few picked for slave labor were quarentined, after which they were particularly succeptible to malnutrition, exposure, starvation, and epidemics. Laborers would work outside the camps occasionally, companies like Bavarian Motor Works (BMW) and I. G. Farben used them for cheap labor to save money. They also were often used for medical experiments and subject to extreme brutality on the part of the guards. Many died as a result. Random World War 2 Facts The first German serviceman killed in the war was killed by the Japanese (China, 1937) 80% of Soviet males born in 1923 didn't survive World War 2 The youngest US serviceman was 12 year old Calvin Graham, USN. He was wounded in combat and given a Dishonorable Discharge for lying about his age. (His benefits were later restored by act of Congress). At the time of Pearl Harbor, the top US Navy command was called CINCUS (pronounced “sink us”), the shoulder patch of the US Army’s 45th Infantry division was the swastika, and Hitler’s private train was named “Amerika”. All three were soon changed for PR purposes. A number of air crewmen died of farts. (ascending to 20,000 ft. in an unpressurized aircraft causes intestinal gas to expand 300%!) Germany lost 40-45% of their aircraft during World War 2 to accidents The Russians destroyed over 500 German aircraft by ramming them in midair (they also sometimes cleared minefields by marching over them). The US Army had more ships that the US Navy. Among the first “Germans” captured at Normandy were several Koreans. They had been forced to fight for the Japanese Army until they were captured by the Russians and forced to fight for the Russian Army until they were captured by the Germans and forced to fight for the German Army until they were capture by the US Army. The only nation that Germany declared war on was the USA. Germany lost 136 Generals, which averages out to be 1 dead General every 2 weeks