Download Chapter 1 - Glossary Communication A symbolic process by which

Chapter 1 - Glossary
Communication
A symbolic process by which people create shared meanings.
Critical Approach
A theory for the study of intercultural communication based on the belief that
reality is subjective, and that communication should be studied in the context in which it occurs;
scholars are interested in understanding the role that power and power relationships play in
communication.
Dialectical Approach A method based on the processual, relational, and contradictory nature of
intercultural communication; scholars use six dialectics to bring together the strengths of the social
science, critical, and interpretive approaches in order to study the many contradictory aspects of
intercultural communication.
Emic Scholarship based on understanding a given culture from the perspective of members of that
culture.
Etic
Scholarship based on a researcher-imposed structure.
Intercultural
Interactions among members of diverse cultures or nations.
Intercultural Communication A process by which people with different cultural perspectives and
values create shared meanings.
Interpretive Approach A theory for the study of intercultural communication based on the premise
that human beings construct their reality and that communication is a subjective experience; scholars
seek to describe human behavior as unpredictable and creative and frequently rely on qualitative
research methods while using this approach.
Mindfulness A state in which a person is open to new information, is continually creating new
categories, and is open to new perspectives.
Monoculturalism A social policy requiring immigrants to assimilate to the majority culture.
Multicultural Nations that have diverse cultural groups living within their borders, usually as a result of
immigration.
Social Science Approach A theory for the study of intercultural communication based on the
assumptions that human behavior is predictable and that there is a describable external reality; scholars
seek to describe and predict behavior and frequently rely on quantitative methods when using this
approach.
Soft Power Soft power rests on the ability to shape the preferences of others through the power of
attraction. The ability to establish preferences tends to be associated with intangible assets such as an
attractive personality, culture, political values and institutions, and policies that are seen as legitimate or
having moral authority. If a leader represents values that others want to follow, “carrot” and “stick”
policies are not particularly necessary and it will cost less to lead.
Chapter 2 - Glossary
Centralized System A form of government in which power is concentrated in the hands of few, who
rule others.
Citizen Diplomat An ordinary citizen whose actions as a mindful communicator can help contribute to a
more peaceful world. Citizen diplomats can help to dispel stereotypes and prejudices; to maintain
dialogue when government-to-government relations are disrupted; to build constructive relationships
with emerging leaders around the world; and to pave the way of official diplomatic relations.
Co-cultural Groups Groups of people who live within a dominant culture in a society, but who also have
membership in a group which does not share all the beliefs and perceptions of the dominant culture
(see Minority Cultures).
Collateral Orientation An orientation to human relationships based on group ties; such an orientation
places the importance of the group before the individual’s rights.
Collectivism An emphasis on the individual’s responsibility to the group; in collective societies, the
group is valued over the individual, and the rights and needs of the group are more important than
those of the individual.
Confucian Dynamism Dimension A cultural value dimension used to explain some of the distinctive
aspects of the East Asian cultures. The primary values associated with these cultures are a long-term
orientation, status-oriented relationships, thriftiness, a sense of shame, and the importance of face and
collective face saving. These values are derived from Confucian philosophy which emphasizes the
importance of respect for elders and obedience to superiors.
Contexting The idea that in some cultures much of the meaning in any communication is derived from
the context of the encounter, while in other cultures communication is much more dependent on
explicit verbal and nonverbal cues.
Culture A set of learned behavior patterns that express the shared perceptions and values of the
members of a particular society; it is dynamic and adaptive.
Cultural Identity The part of an individual’s self-image and self-esteem that is based on membership in
a particular cultural group; a sense of belonging to a particular culture. This identity is developed as an
individual grows up and learns the values, beliefs, and attitudes of his/her culture from parents and
other caregivers.
Cultural Imperialism Promoting the cultural values of one nation over another; often accomplished
through the proliferation of the mass media of a more economically and/or politically powerful culture.
Today, many nations are concerned about the pervasive influence of American popular culture around
the world.
Cultural Patterns A shared understanding of what the world is like, what kinds of behavior are
appropriate, and what is defined as good or bad.
Cultural Relativism An approach to ethics based on the belief that each culture develops values that are
most appropriate for its people in a particular place and time; the belief that the conduct of members of
a given culture can only be judged by members of that culture.
Decentralized System A form of government in which power is divided among many hands.
Emic Scholarship based on understanding a given culture from the perspective of members of that
culture.
Ethnic Group A group of individuals who share the same origins and history; typically, they share a
language, customs, family names, religion, values, and traditions.
Ethnocentrism The belief that one’s own culture or co-cultural group is superior to all others.
Etic Scholarship based on a researcher-imposed structure; such scholarship usually involves comparing
cultures with respect to some particular quality or predetermined category.
Face A person’s social self-esteem.
Feminine Societies Those societies in which gender roles are flexible and both men and women are
supposed to be nurturing and concerned with the quality of life.
High Culture Those activities enjoyed by affluent members of society, including ballet, opera, classical
music, fine art, live theatre, and classic works of literature. Traditionally, these activities were believed
to be appreciated only by the elite members of society who are highly educated. Today, distinctions
between high and low culture are much less sharply demarcated in Western societies.
High-Context Cultures Those cultures in which meaning is communicated implicitly through a shared
understanding of a given situation; the environment or context provides clues as to how to interpret a
communication encounter. Most of the meaning communicated is in the context and little is in the
actual message.
High Power Distance An unequal power distribution in society; in cultures with a high power distance,
power is centralized. In these culture, individuals are likely to accept an unequal distribution of power, a
hierarchical structure of social institutions, and a reward system based on seniority, rank, status, and
age.
Iceberg Model of Culture A model for studying cultures that suggests much of what we can observe
superficially in any culture is determined by more deeply held values and beliefs. When studying
cultures, it is helpful to understand how visible behaviors are controlled by values and beliefs that are
not visible and that are often buried far beneath the surface.
In-Group Members of one’s own culture with whom one has a shared identity.
Individualistic Orientation An orientation to human relationships that places the rights of the individual
above the importance of group harmony and cohesion.
Individualism An emphasis on individual rights, freedoms, and needs; in individualistic societies, the
individual is valued over the group; people are expected to take care of themselves; and there is no
strong social cohesion.
International Relations A field that studies the relationships among the world’s governments; it is
concerned with international politics, including diplomacy, trade, alliances, war, cultural exchanges, and
participation in international organizations.
Lineal Orientation An orientation to human relationships based on social structures, such as social
class or family background, that are passed down from one generation to the next.
Low-Context Cultures Those cultures in which meaning is dependent on overt verbal and nonverbal
cues. In these cultures, communication is extremely explicit
Low Culture Those activities enjoyed by the masses, including television talk shows, soap operas, game
shows, and video games. Traditionally, these activities were believed to appeal to the less educated and
affluent members of society. Today, distinctions between high and low culture are much less sharply
demarcated in Western societies.
Low Power Distance Equality is greatly valued. In low power distance cultures rewards systems are
based on individual merit rather than status or seniority. In such cultures, individual initiative and
innovation are valued.
Majority Culture The dominant group, defined in terms of power, within a society that sets the
standard for what is valued in society; typically, the majority of the people living in one nation are
members of the same cultural group.
Masculine Societies Those societies in which gender roles are rigidly defined in a stereotypical fashion.
Multicultural Involving nations that have diverse cultural groups, usually as a result of immigration.
Nation A politically organized body of people who are under one government.
Nation-State A territory which has boundaries that are internationally recognized and its own
government which answers to no higher authority.
Netiquette A set of guidelines for behavior online.
Personal Identity The part of an individual’s self-image and self-esteem that is based on the unique
characteristics that distinguish him/her from other members of his/her cultural and social groups.
Popular Culture Those activities that tend to be more ephemeral and relevant only to a particular
society in a particular place and time.
Racial Categorization A social and political construction often used to justify and to enforce social and
economic disparities among people.
Saving Face Taking actions to preserve the social self-esteem either of oneself or of others.
Social Identity The part of an individual’s self-image and self-esteem that is based on group
membership.
Universalism An approach to ethics in which the importance of cultural differences is minimized and
the same standards are applied to all cultures; also referred to as absolutism.
State Sovereignty The fact that states do not recognize any source of authority above their own
decision-making process.
Strong Uncertainty Avoidance Feeling threatened by the unknown. In cultures with strong uncertainty
avoidance, individuals view unknown situations as dangerous and tend to avoid these situations as
much as possible; innovation is discouraged and work and family situations tend to be highly structured.
Weak Uncertainty Avoidance Acceptance of the unknown as part of life. In cultures with weak
uncertainty avoidance, individuals are comfortable with ambiguity and risk taking. Curiosity and
innovation are encouraged. Employees are motivated by achievement rather than by conformity;
students are encouraged to question their teachers and engage in open-ended learning.
Chapter 3 - Glossary
Code Switching Selecting one language or linguistic variation of a language over another for use in a
given communication situation.
Communication Accommodation Theory The idea that speakers will adapt their patterns of speech in
order to identify with others.
Comparative Ethnography Ethnographic studies which seek to compare cultures with one another.
Convergence A strategy whereby individuals adapt their communication patterns to become more
similar to the linguistic and nonverbal behaviors of their communication partners.
Divergence A strategy whereby speakers emphasize linguistic and nonverbal communication
differences between themselves and others. The purpose this strategy is to call attention to differences
between oneself and others, usually on the basis of group membership.
Ethnography A branch of anthropology concerned with the description of ethnic groups.
Media Ethnography Ethnographic studies that examine the everyday use of new media and
technologies.
Membering The process by which individuals are accepted into a particular in-group; the process may
be an informal one or it may require that individuals undergo formal rites of initiation.
Participant-Observation An interpretive method wherein the researcher studies a setting in which he
or she is a legitimate member of the group being studied.
Rhetorical Analysis A type of interpretive research based on the examination of public speeches and
other oral discourses; these discourses are studied in the context in which they occur. Researchers
analyze films, newspaper articles, and television programs to study public representations of a culture.
Social Identity The part of an individual’s self-image and self-esteem that is based on group
membership.
Speech Code A given culture’s unwritten set of rules for how to communicate within that culture.
These rules constitute a culture’s sense of how to a part of the social group and how to be a competent
communicator within that group.
Strange Making In participant observation, when the researcher observes daily activities as if he or she
did not know what was going on; a method of looking at what is normally taken for granted with a fresh
perspective.
Thick Description An interpretive study that includes an explanation of a behavioral pattern from the
perspective the participants.
Thin Description An interpretive study that merely describes a behavioral pattern without stating what
it means to the participants.
Chapter 4 - Glossary
Cultural-Individual Dialectic The tension between the shared communication patterns of groups and
the idiosyncratic communication styles of individuals.
Cultural Studies An interdisciplinary field that combines literary theory, film studies, cultural
anthropology, sociology, and political science; scholars examine the dynamic nature of cultures,
particularly in terms of relationships between majority and minority cultures. They seek to use their
scholarship to bring about social change.
Dichotomous Thinking The dualistic approach to description found throughout Western thought; an
approach based on sharp distinctions between polar opposites, such as good/evil, right/wrong, and
thought/emotion.
Differences-Similarities Dialectic The tension between the commonalities and the differences that exist
among cultures.
Digital Divide The gap between those individuals who have access to technology and those who do
not; this division separates members of society, empowering some and disempowering others.
History/Past-Present/Future Dialectic The tension between the need to be aware of present conditions
and the need to consider how historical influences affect intercultural communication.
Majority Culture The dominant group in a society that sets the standard for what is valued in that
society; while it is often largest group within a society, it is defined in terms of power, not size.
Minority Cultures Groups other than the majority group in a society that are typically disadvantaged in
terms of social, economic, and political power; often referred to as co-cultural groups.
Personal-Contextual Dialectic The tension between the social roles that people play and their
communication patterns on the personal level.
Privilege-Disadvantage Dialectic The tension caused by the contradiction that individuals may be
simultaneously privileged and disadvantaged.
Processual An understanding that cultures are constantly evolving and cannot be viewed as static; an
approach to studying cultures that acknowledges their dynamic nature.
Relational A holistic view of communication within and among cultures; an approach to studying
cultures that recognizes that any intercultural communication encounter involves many interrelated
issues that cannot be understood in isolation but only as they come together.
Static-Dynamic Dialectic The tension between the relative stability of cultural patterns and the fact
that cultures continue to evolve and change.
Chapter 5 - Glossary
Affective Communication Style A communication style in which the responsibility for making meaning
from a message is placed on the listener. The listener must anticipate what the speaker is trying to
express even before the message is sent and must be alert to nonverbal cues such as body language and
other contextual aspects of the communication situation.
Avoiding Style of Conflict Management A conflict management style used in an attempt to sidestep or
deny conflict in order to withdraw from it. In some cultures, this style, particularly when it is used by
both parties involved in the conflict, can actually serve to preserve harmony in relationships and to save
face for all parties involved.
Bilingual Having the ability to speak two languages fluently.
Communication Accommodation Theory The theory that speakers will often adapt their patterns of
speech in order to identify with others, especially those in positions of power.
Communication Orientation The stance that members of co-cultural groups take when communicating
with members of the majority culture.
Communication Theory of Ethnic Identity A theory that interethnic communication can only be
understood in the context of a history of misunderstandings between races, and a history of oppression.
Compromising Style of Conflict Management A conflict management style that involves finding a
solution both parties can accept, but requires both parties to give up something in order to arrive at
such a solution. This style also values the self-esteem of both parties, but to a lesser extent that the
integrating style.
Content Goals Goals related to the issues being disputed in an intercultural conflict.
Contextual Communication Style A communication style in which speakers place more emphasis on
their relationship to their listeners and on the overall context of the communication than they do on
themselves.
Dialect A variation of a language peculiar to a social class, geographical region, or other co-cultural
group with a society; it often includes idioms and other nonstandard pronunciation and vocabulary.
Direct Communication Style A communication style in which the speaker states exactly what is on
his/her mind.
Dominating Style of Conflict Management A conflict management style that emphasizes a winner and
a loser in the conflict situation; individuals using this style are concerned only with their own self-esteem
and often use forceful behavior to get the other parties to comply with their wishes.
Elaborate Communication Style A communication style characterized by flowery phrases; frequent
quotations from myth, fables, and sacred texts; frequent use of metaphorical language; and emphatic
and exaggerated statements.
English Only Movement A campaign to have English declared the official language of the United States
and to ban all other languages from being used in government, business, and the academic world.
Ebonics A nonstandard variation of English spoken by some African Americans; also called African
American English Vernacular. It is believed to be a complex mixture of European and American
languages born of the African slave trade.
Exact Communication Style A communication style in which the speaker uses as many words as
necessary to convey a message clearly, but avoids flowery or exaggerated language. This style falls
somewhere between the elaborate and succinct styles on a continuum of verbal communication.
Identity Goals Goals related to the desired self-images of the parties involved in an intercultural
conflict.
Indirect Communication Style A communication style in which the speaker avoids openly stating what
he or she wants to communicate.
Integrating Style of Conflict Management A conflict management style uses collaboration and open
dialogue in order to find a solution acceptable to both parties. The self-esteem of both parties is highly
valued in this style.
Instrumental Communication Style A goal-oriented communication style in which it is the
responsibility of the sender to convey the message clearly so that it can be easily understood by the
listener.
Linguistics The scientific study of language, including the study of the five basic components of
language: phonology, morphology, syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics.
Morphology The study of the smallest units of meaning in a language; the study of the structure of
words.
Multilingual Having the ability to speak more than two languages fluently.
Muted-Group Theory A theory of communication that states that many co-cultural groups are unable
to express their unique experiences because they are forced to use a language which is based on the
majority culture’s perception of reality. The language of the dominant culture frequently does not
reflect the lived experience of co-cultural groups, and therefore, these groups are effectively silenced by
being forced to use this language.
Obliging Style of Conflict Management A conflict management style that requires one party essentially
give in to the other party in order to maintain the relationship. This style is often found in relationships
where there is a power or status differential between the two parties involved.
Personal Communication Style A communication style in which speakers use the pronoun “I” and place
more emphasis on themselves than on their relationship with their listeners.
Phonology The study of the individual units of sound, called phonemes, that account for all the words
spoken in a given language.
Pragmatics The study of the way language is actually used within a society and how the meaning
conveyed by a word or sentence depends on the context in which it is used.
Process Goals Goals related to the approaches taken to resolve an intercultural conflict.
Qualified Relativist Position The theory that language influences, but does not totally determine, our
patterns of thinking.
Relational Goals Goals related to the type of relationship being established in an intercultural conflict.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis The assertion that language actually shapes an individual’s reality. This theory
has been qualified by subsequent research (see Qualified Relativist Position).
Semantics The study of meaning of words, both their denotative and connotative meanings.
Syntactics The study of the ordering of words within a language.
Succinct Communication Style A communication style in which understatement and silence are valued.
A speaker using this style will remain silent in a communication encounter that is either ambiguous or
negative.
Chapter 6 - Glossary
Adaptors Gestures that are largely unconscious expressions of the emotional state of the individual.
Chronemics The study of how cultures structure, use, and interpret the meaning of time.
Contact Cultures Cultural groups that display interpersonal closeness and use touch freely as a means
of expression.
Cultural Space A place that has a particular meaning constructed around it; it can be a home, a
neighborhood, or a region of a nation.
Emblems Gestures used to convey a specific verbal meaning.
Face A person’s social self-esteem.
Global Virtual Team A boundaryless work group composed of individuals from different countries who
rarely, if ever, have face-to-face meetings. All their work is conducted using collaborative
communication technologies.
Haptics The study of the perception and meanings of touch as communication behavior.
Illustrators Gestures used to punctuate speech and to add emphasis to spoken word.
Immediacy Interpersonal closeness that is usually displayed by frequent touching and by standing close
to one’s conversational partner; the degree of immediacy in a given culture is related to its climate and
geography with individuals in warmer climates displaying more interpersonal closeness than those in
colder climates.
Kinesics The study of the body’s movement.
Monochronic (M-Time) An orientation to time that views it as linear, organized, scheduled, and divided
into neat segments; adherence to a schedule is valued over personal relationships.
Noncontact Cultures Cultural groups that do not display interpersonal closeness; they stand far apart
and touch infrequently.
Oculesics The study of eye movement that examines the various functions of gazing; the four functions
of gazing are regulatory, monitoring, cognitive, and expressive.
Physical Adornments Bodily ornaments used as a means of nonverbal communication; these
ornaments include tattoos, piercing, hair styles, and makeup.
Polychronic (P-Time) A fluid and holistic orientation to time in which it is normal for many activities to
occur simultaneously; personal relationships are valued over adherence to a schedule.
Proxemics The study of the spatial relationships that human beings have with each other and with their
environment.
Regulators Gestures used to manage the flow of verbal communication.
Saving Face Taking actions to preserve the social self-esteem either of oneself or of others.
Vocal Characterizers Universally used vocal sounds, such as laughing, crying, moaning, yelling, whining,
yawning, and belching; although they are used in all cultures, the appropriateness and meaning of their
use may vary among cultures.
Vocal Segregates Vocal sounds separate from speech, such as “um” for hesitation, “uh-huh” for
agreement, and “sh” for silence; they differ across cultures.
Vocalics The use of voice qualifiers and vocalizations as a way of expressing emotions and establishing
one’s identity as a member of a particular group.
Vocalizations Vocal sounds that are separate from speech, such as vocal characterizers and vocal
segregates.
Voice Qualifiers The volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo, resonance, and tone of speech.
Chapter 7 - Glossary
Carpentered-World Theory The idea that individuals who live in more technologically advanced
societies tend to perceive straight lines, corners, and angles as part of the “natural” environment and
use them as cues to depth perception in pictures because the angled lines suggest the corners of a
three-dimensional box.
Decoding To determine the meaning of a sign.
Dominant Reading An approach to decoding in which the reader accepts the preferred reading of a
text.
Encoding To assign meaning to a sign.
Iconic Signs Images that closely resemble the thing they represent; often referred to as icons.
Ideographs Pictures that represent ideas; early Egyptian and Sumerian writing was pictographic and
ideographic.
Indexical Signs Images that have a logical connection to the thing they represent.
Isotype An international system of typographic picture education created by Otto Neurath.
Negotiated Reading An approach to decoding in which the reader accepts the preferred reading up to
a point, but also modifies it in a way that reflects his/her own experiences.
Oppositional Reading An approach to decoding in which the reader understands the preferred reading,
rejects it, and brings to bear an alternate frame of reference.
Pan Approach A tread in advertising where models are used whose features do not identify them as
being from any one particular nation, culture, or ethnicity.
Pictographs Pictures that represent things; early Egyptian and Sumerian writing was pictographic and
ideographic.
Semiotics The study of signs; based on the idea that the brain stores images symbolically so that it can
recognize objects instantaneously and classify them as either helpful or harmful.
Sign Anything that stands for something else; its meaning must be learned.
Symbolic Signs Images that have no representational or logical relationship with the thing they
represent.
Chapter 8 - Glossary
Acculturation
The process of cultural change resulting from the contact between two groups.
Agenda setting
The process through which public figures and important
events help to shape the content of the media.
Central route processing
The receivers or viewers are motivated to engage in effortful
information processing of the message or information provided by the information source, or medium.
Control Revolution
The ability of the media to influence the consumption of mass audiences with
communication technologies.
Cultivation theory
The claim that television cultivates a worldview that is inaccurate, but that
viewers may assume reflects real life.
Cultural assimilation
to a new country.
When people adopt the cultural values of another nation after they have moved
Discriminatory comparision
The process that helps individuals manufacture a positive social identity
of the in-group with some relevant out-group.
Diverse press
Press agencies with the greatest degree of freedom.
In-group The existing social universe in which is considered socially acceptable by the majority.
Intercultural
Refers to the diversity among individual nations.
Intercultural communication
Occurs when people who have different cultural
perspectives and values create shared meanings through interpersonal communication.
Intercultural contact The process through which products of the media, along with their social
universe, are exported to other nations that are in transition to accept the new foreign social universe.
Internal perceiver
The process through which a person filters their thoughts or decisions on a
particular issue based upon their personal values, attitudes, or beliefs.
International trust
Citizens base opinions about world affairs, in part, on generalized ideas about
how much they can trust other nations.
Loyalists’ press Privately owned agencies that may be censored or self-censored and generally support
the national governing elite.
Mass media industries Media businesses categorized into eight different forms: television, radio,
newspapers, magazines, recordings, movies, books, and the Internet.
Mobilized press
Absolute state controlled press agencies.
Mood theory
The portrayal of mass opinion about world affairs not only as uninformed but
also as fundamentally irrational, and lacking any foundation in abstract reasoning.
Multicultural
immigration.
Refers to nations that have diverse cultural groups, usually as a result of
Out-group
The imported social universe and is predominantly considered not socially
acceptable by the majority.
Perception gap
The media creates an inaccurate belief, many times intentional, for its own
benefit and to lead to the success of its particular agenda.
Peripheral route processing The receivers are influenced by other factors besides the quality of the
message given, for instances the receivers are persuaded by the message by the speaker’s credentials or
attractiveness.
Persuasion
message.
The process by which attitudes or behaviors are influenced by receiving a
Political trust
Represents an overall trust in government.
Power
violence.
The ability of one to change the behavior of another without the use of
Priming theory
the audience.
The suggestion that media images stimulate related thoughts in the minds of
Selective perception
content.
Individuals will choose what they find acceptable when faced with discordant
Selective process
The media’s capability to select whatever information it desires to produce.
Social trust
Represents a general trust in other people as a whole.
Stimuli
Something that rouses or incites to activity.
Symbolic politics
The process of applying certain symbols to political events.
Chapter 9 - Glossary
Absolutism An approach to ethics in which the importance of cultural differences is minimized and the
same standards are applied to all cultures; also referred to as universalism.
Child Labor Work which is likely to damage children’s health and their physical and psychological
development; it may also deprive them of other rights, mainly the right to education.
Contextual Relativism The approach in which communicators do not believe that it is impossible for
them to take an ethical stance in relation to the behavior of members of other cultures, but strive to
avoid doing so from an ethnocentric perspective.
Cultural Relativism An approach to ethics based on the belief that each culture develops values that
are most appropriate for its people in a particular place and time; the belief that the conduct of
members of a given culture can only be judged by members of that culture.
Ethics A system of principles and rules used to guide the behavior of individuals and groups; based on
beliefs of what is “good” and “bad” in human behavior.
Ethnocentrism The belief that one’s own culture or co-cultural group is superior to all others.
Minimal Peace A situation in which there is no conflict; frequently conflict is being prevented by the
intervention of a third party, and hostility may still exist beneath the surface.
Moderate Peace A situation where two parties involved in a conflict agree to compromise to achieve
their goals; each party still believes that only its own goals are worthy.
Moral Exclusion When a society applies ethical standards of justice and fairness to members of
dominant communities, but denies the same treatment to out-groups who are seen as somehow “less
human” than members of the dominant culture and not deserving of the same treatment.
Moral Inclusion When a society applies standards of fair administration to all individuals across all
boundaries whether they are members of the dominant culture or out-groups.
Morality The conformity to a standard of “right” behavior within a particular society or group;
conformity to the values that underlie a culture’s ethical code.
Optimal Peace A situation where two parties consider each other’s goals worthy and take the other
party’s goals as seriously as they do their own.
Universalism An approach to ethics in which the importance of cultural differences is minimized and
the same standards are applied to all cultures; also referred to as absolutism.
Chapter 10 - Glossary
Baker-Hopkin formula model
CE/E = [(D/E)(r - i) + r] (1 - c)
Citizen diplomat an ordinary citizen who engages in diplomatic efforts as well as practicing
communication and negotiation. Someone who is mindful in his behavior toward others.
Complex Interdependence Model shows the interaction between state A and nation B (as well that of
state B and nations A) bringing a different interpretation of the interaction among the actors in the state
centric model
Elite individuals who exert a great deal of power or influence in their own field. Examples: corporate
CEOs, rock-stars, global financiers, Hollywood actors, national politicians or world leaders
Global citizen a citizen of the world; a person who understands the need to tackle injustice and
inequality as well as having the desire and ability to work to do so. Someone who aims to tackle
international challenges beyond his/her own individual abilities.
Globalization the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked by free trade,
free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets.
Hard power
when a nation uses aggressive measures and brute force to achieve their interests, i.e.
the use of military force.
Masses
average citizens or people inside or outside a professional or working environment
Mindfulness a state in which a person is open to new information, is continually creating new
categories and is open to new perspectives
National Security
the definition of which has expanded its scope into concerns with international
environment, health, business, drug trafficking, arms trades, as well as international terrorism networks
Propaganda
campaigns with a negative connation today in which modern states use public
diplomacy to persuade others to agree with their policy choices, goals, and means.
Soft power
when a nation uses the channels of diplomatic negotiation to achieve their interests.
State-centric model
suggests that states, representing their own nations or people, behave as the
primary actor while dominating the main channels of international communication.