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12/9/2014
Motives and Means
Europeans began to explore distant
lands, motivated by religious zeal and
the promise of gold and glory.
Section 1
Motives and Means (cont.)
• Five European powers, led by Portugal and
Spain, engaged in an age of exploration. All
rose to new economic heights.
• Motives for European exploration include
“God, glory, and gold”
– Economic interests – Europeans wanted
to expand trade and locate spices and
precious metals.
European Voyages of Discovery
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Motives and Means (cont.)
– Religious zeal – Explorers such as
Hernán Cortés were interested in sharing
the Catholic faith with native peoples.
– There was an increased desire for
grandeur, glory, and the spirit of adventure.
European Voyages of Discovery
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A Race for Riches
Portuguese and Spanish explorers
took the lead in discovering new lands.
Section 1
A Race for Riches (cont.)
• Portugal took the lead in European
exploration under the leadership of Prince
Henry the Navigator.
• Portuguese ships traveled along the western
coast of Africa, finding gold and other goods.
• Vasco de Gama traveled around the Cape
of Good Hope, the southern tip of Africa, and
landed in India in 1498.
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A Race for Riches (cont.)
• The Portuguese captured the important port
city of Melaka on the Malay Peninsula,
which enabled the Portuguese to control the
spice trade that had been dominated by Arab
traders.
Section 1
A Race for Riches (cont.)
• Christopher Columbus was an explorer
who sailed for Spain. Columbus searched for
a western route to Asia and landed at Cuba
and Hispaniola in 1492.
• The Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan
sailed around the tip of South America and
into the Pacific Ocean. Magellan is credited
with being the first person to circumnavigate
the globe.
Section 1
A Race for Riches (cont.)
• In 1494, Portugal and Spain signed the
Treaty of Tordesillas, separating control of
the newly discovered lands.
• John Cabot, a Venetian, explored the New
England coastline of the Americas for
England.
• The writings of Amerigo Vespucci, a
Florentine mapmaker, led to the use of the
name “America” for the newly discovered
lands in the western hemisphere.
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The Spanish Empire
The great Aztec and Inca civilizations
succumbed to the Spanish.
Section 1
The Spanish Empire
(cont.)
• The Spanish conquistadors established an
overseas empire in the Americas.
• In 1519 Hernán Cortés and his Spanish allies
were welcomed into Tenochtitlán by the Aztec
monarch Montezuma. The Spanish were
expelled from the city one year later.
• When the Spaniards left, smallpox devastated
the Aztec capital. The Spanish returned and
captured the city, and the Aztec Empire was
destroyed.
Section 1
The Spanish Empire
(cont.)
• In 1530 Francisco Pizarro led an expedition
into the Inca Empire. Like the Aztec, the
Incas were no match for Spanish disease,
guns, and horses.
• Pizarro established a new capital for the
Spanish colony at Lima.
• The Spanish used a system of colonial
administration called the encomienda
system— the right of landowners to use
Native Americans as laborers.
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The Spanish Empire
(cont.)
• Spanish landowners could use Native
Americans for labor in return for protection
and converting them to Christianity.
• Native American political and social
structures were torn apart and replaced by
European systems of religion, language, and
government.
• The exchange of plants, animals, and
disease between Europe and the Americas
is known as the Columbian Exchange.
Section 1
European Rivals
The Portuguese and Spanish found
new rivals in the Dutch, French, and
English for trading rights and for
new lands.
Section 1
European Rivals
(cont.)
• The Dutch formed the East India Company
to compete with the English and Portuguese
for the Indian Ocean trade.
• The Dutch also formed the West India
Company to compete with the Spanish and
Portuguese in the Americas.
• By the early seventeen century, the Dutch
established settlements in North America
such as New Netherland.
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European Rivals
(cont.)
• In the 1600s, the French colonized parts of
present-day Louisiana and regions of
Canada.
• The English began to settle the eastern
seaboard of North America and islands in
the Caribbean Sea.
• In 1664, the English seized the harbor of
New Netherland from the Dutch and
renamed it New York.
Section 1
Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
The slave trade increased as
enslaved Africans were brought to
the Americas.
Section 2
Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
(cont.)
• The nations of Europe created trading
empires and established colonies in the
Americas and in the East.
• Colonies were an integral part of
mercantilism, an economic theory based
on gold and a limited amount of wealth in
the world.
Section 2
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Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
(cont.)
• Colonies provided raw materials and
markets for finished goods.
• To bring in more gold, nations tried to have a
favorable balance of trade and export more
goods than they imported.
• To encourage exports, governments granted
subsidies and improved transportation
systems.
Section 2
Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
(cont.)
• Slavery had existed since ancient times, and
African slaves served as domestic servants
in Southwest Asia.
• The demand for slaves changed dramatically
with the introduction of sugarcane. Labor
was needed to work the plantations where
sugarcane was grown.
Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1600s
Section 2
• The Portuguese was the first to deal in
this trade which expanded the growth
of the new world?
• Who sail around the tip of Africa first?
• Who sailed around the tip of South
America firs?
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Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
(cont.)
• Slaves became an important commodity in
the triangular trade that connected Europe,
Africa, and the Americas.
• As many as 10 million African slaves may
have been brought to the Americas between
1500 and the late 1800s.
Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1600s
Section 2
Trade, Colonies, and Mercantilism
(cont.)
• One reason for the high number of exported
slaves was the high mortality rate, especially
during the Middle Passage, the journey
across the Atlantic Ocean.
• The slave trade devastated the population of
African communities near the coastal regions.
• Some African rulers, such as King Afonso,
protested but were ignored by
African and European slave
traders.
Atlantic Slave Trade, 1500–1600s
Section 2
Effects of the Slave Trade
The slave trade led to depopulation,
increased warfare, and devastation for
many African states.
Section 2
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Effects of the Slave Trade (cont.)
• Effects of the slave trade in Africa:
– depopulated areas
– increased warfare
– loss of the strongest and youngest men
and women
Section 2
Effects of the Slave Trade (cont.)
• Benin was transformed from a brilliant
society into a brutal, war-ravaged region
following the introduction of slavery.
• The use of enslaved Africans was widely
accepted until the Society of Friends began
to condemn it in the 1770s.
• The French abolished slavery in the 1790s;
the English abolished slavery in 1807; and
slavery continued in the United States until
the 1860s.
Section 2
Colonial Empires in Latin America
The Portuguese and Spanish built
colonial empires in Latin America and
profited from the resources and trade
of their colonies.
Section 3
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Colonial Empires in Latin America
(cont.)
• In the 1500s, Portugal controlled Brazil,
while Spain’s colonial possessions included
parts of North America, Central America, and
most of South America.
• The area of Central and South America
became known as Latin America, and a
unique social class system emerged.
Colonial Latin America to 1750
Section 3
Colonial Empires in Latin America
(cont.)
• Colonial Latin America Social Order:
– Peninsulares: Spanish and Portuguese
officials born in Europe; they held all
important government positions.
– Creoles: Descendants of Europeans who
were born in Latin America; they controlled
business and land.
– Mestizos: The offspring of European and
Native American intermarriage.
Section 3
Colonial Empires in Latin America
(cont.)
– Mulattoes: The offspring of Africans and
Europeans.
– Conquered Native Americans and
enslaved Africans.
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Colonial Empires in Latin America
(cont.)
• Europeans utilized the Native Americans as
labor. They used the encomienda system
and mita to sustain a viable labor force.
• Gold and silver from the colonies offered
immediate wealth to the Europeans.
Products, such as tobacco, sugar, and
animal hides were traded to Europe in return
for finished products.
Section 3
Colonial Empires in Latin America
(cont.)
• To control their colonial possessions in the
Americas, Portugal and Spain used
governor-generals to develop a bureaucracy
and carry out imperial policies.
• Catholic missionaries were also instrumental
in converting and maintaining order within
the colonial territories.
• The Catholic Church provided an outlet other
than marriage for women. Many nuns like
Juana Inés de la Cruz, urged convents to
educate women on subjects beyond religion.
Section 3
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