Download Part 2 Board Review

Part 2 Board Review
Chiropractic Theories 2
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Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm can be due to irritation at which of the following levels
a) C-3, C-4
b) T-2, T-3
c) T-7, T-8
d) T-10, T-11
Which of the following subluxation hypotheses occurs most commonly in chiropractic practice
a) Neuroimmunomodulation
b) Psychosomatic
c) Somatosomatic
d) Somatoautonomic
Diaphragmatic pleurisy is most apt to refer pain to which of the following areas
a) Arm
b) Abdomen
c) Upper thoracic region
d) Thoracolumbar region
The chiropractic concept of innate intelligence is most closely correlated to which physiologic concept
a) Collective intelligence
b) Genetic expression
c) Organism homeostasis
d) Intellectual function
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Demyelinization of a nerve due to stress and loss of trophic supply over a period of time to the area
supplied by the nerve is an example of _______ law
a) Hilton’s
b) Wolff’s
c) Bell Magende
d) Levet’s
Which is not characteristic of referred pain
a) Constant
b) Mechanical reproduction
c) Dull and achy
d) Difficult to localize
Who is credited as the founder of chiropractic
a) Bartholemew J. Palmer
b) David Daniel Palmer
c) Daniel David Palmer
d) R.J. Stevenson
Which chiropractic researcher utilized joint hypermobility of the sacroiliac joints as the basis of its theory
a) Gillet – fixation theory
b) Illi – hypermobility of SI joints
c) Korr
d) Logan
Which of the following best explains a sustained load on an articular surface
a) Creep
b) Hysteresis
c) Neurological compression
d) Decreased tone
The upper cervical specific concept of spinal adjustment was advanced by
a) B.J. Palmer
b) Carver
c) D.D. Palmer
d) Logan
According to Hans Selye, what is the proper sequence of the stages in response to stress
a) Alarm, resistance, adaptation
b) Adaptation, alarm, resistance
c) Alarm, adaptation, resistance
Rotational injuries of the low back most commonly involve which of the following spinal levels
a) T-12, L-1
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b) L-2, L-3
c) L-3, L-4
d) Sacroiliac
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The plumb line begins at the external auditory meatus and continues by bisecting the shoulder
________
a) Medially
b) Posteriorly
c) Anteriorly
d) Centrally
Structure responds to function is the principle of which of the following
a) Hysteresis
b) Wolff
c) Hilton
d) Bell Magende
A patient has undergone a long period of stress and compromised their body tissues. This is a part of
the _______ theory.
a) Somatoautonomic
b) Proprioceptive insult
c) Neuroimmunomodulation
d) Axoplasmic aberration
Compression of a sacral nerve would result in which of the following
a) Sympathetic atonia
b) Sympatheticotonia
c) Parasympathetic atonia
d) Parasympatheticotonia
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The pressure in the disc increases gradually with which of the following positions
a) Sitting, standing, walking, jumping
b) Recumbent, sitting, standing, jumping
c) Recumbent, standing, sitting, jumping
d) Jumping, walking, sitting, running
A weight lifter who works out 2-3 times a week over several years will eventually exhibit some
degeneration due to
a) Hysteresis
b) Creep
c) Hilton’s law
d) Wolff’s Law
The theory of hypomobility is credited to
a) Illi
b) Gillet
c) Logan
d) Grostic
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The concept of impedance of gamma motor gain or alterations of it are part of the _________ theory
a) Proprioceptive insult
b) Somatoautonomic
c) Neuroimmunomodulation
d) Dentate
In the 1900’s a healing model was introduced and by the mid 20 th century was finally accepted. This
best explains
a) Natureopathy
b) Homeopathy
c) Osteopathy
d) Chiropractic
32) The patient has a long-standing problem with kidney infections which are relieved if they remain on a
maintenance chiropractic program. This indicates a ______ reflex
a) Somatovisceral
b) Sympatheticosomatic
c) Viscerosomatic
d) Somatosomatic
33) Chronic asthma attacks have caused aching in the chest from coughing, but the asthma is relieved by
T2-T3 adjustments. Which of the following reflexes is involved
a) Sympatheticosomatic
b) Viscerosomatic
c) Somatovisceral
d) Somatosomatic
34) Compression of a spinal nerve is least related to
a) Muscle weakness
b) Decreased tendon reflexes
c) Muscle spasm
d) Sensory changes
35) ???Rotation of C1-C2 to the right is restricted by the ______ ligament
a) Transverse
b) Ipsilateral alar
c) Contralateral alar
d) Apical
36) Which reflex is responsible for the referred pain to the groin in a patient with a kidney infection
a) Somatoautonomic
b) Viscerovisceral
c) Somatosomatic
d) Autonomicosomatic
37) A technique concerned with the cranial sacral dural pump is
a) Grostic
b) SOT
c) Gonstead
d) Pettibon
38) Cord compression is most closely related to the ___________ area of involvement
a) S2-S4
b) C1-C2 – most cord compressions take place in cervical spine
c) Sphenobasilar
d) Thoracic
39) Which organ malfunctions when the patient has a subluxation at the T-5 to T-8 area
a) Stomach
b) Gall bladder
c) Kidney
d) Heart
40) Which organ may be compromised when there is an involvement of motor units from T-9 to T-12
a) Stomach
b) Gall bladder
c) Kidney
d) Heart
41) Korr and Levet utilized which of the following in their chiropractic model
a) Muscle
b) Ligament
c) Tendons
42) Which is directly affected by a chiropractic thrust
a) Kinesiopathological
b) Neuropathological
c) Biomechanical
d) Histopathological
43) Weight bearing structures could adapt to compensation in which of the following theories
a) Meric
b) Structural
c) Segmental
d) Neurodystrophic
44) Who was responsible for the fixation theory
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a) Gillet
b) L. John Faye
c) Illi
d) Gonstead
Afferent bombardment of the posterior horn will cause
a) Muscle spasm
b) Motor to the viscera
c) Abnormal reflexes
d) Abnormal efferent sensation
Which is the mechanism by which leg length checks work
a) Spinal reflex inhibition
b) Somatovisceral reflex
c) Somatosomatic reflex – tonic neck reflexes
d) Somatoautonomic reflex
With axial compression in the spine, which of the following structures will give way first
a) Vertebral body
b) Vertebral end plates
c) Disc
d) Ligaments
A 20 year old female has pain in the deep gluteal area which radiates into the anterior thigh. What is
the most likely origin of the pain
a) Ovary
b) Duodenum
c) Gallbladder
d) Liver
The primary function of a posterior motion segment is which of the following
a) Weight bearing
b) To allow for rotation
c) Motion restriction
d) Directional guidance
The adjustment is least likely to be involved in which of the following
a) Break adhesions
b) Increased nociceptive impulses
c) Increased proprioception
d) Stimulate mechanoreceptors
A young child who is dropped off at a day care is crying because of separation from the mother. He
complains of nausea with the crying. Which chiropractic theory best explains this problem
a) Psychovisceral
Which hypothesis is demonstrated when the manipulated stimulation of joint mechanoreceptors
counteracts nociceptor activity and thereby inhibits pain
a) Axoplasmic aberration
b) Somatosomatic reflex
c) Cord compression
d) Nerve root compression
Which condition is most likely to predispose to vertebral artery tortuosity
a) Lower cervical disc degeneration
b) Intervertebral foramina encroachment
c) Hypolordotic cervical curve
d) Flaval ligament hypertrophy
Which ligament forms the posterior part of the vertebral canal
a) Anterior longitudinal
b) Posterior longitudinal
c) Infraspinatus
d) Flaval
A focal nerve lesion on a spinal nerve would result from which of the following
a) Hypermobility
b) Hypomotility
c) Nerve compression
d) Aberrant motion
Epineurium…
A paraspinal muscle spasm leading to a subluxation best fits which of the following theories of
subluxation
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a) Somatosomatic
b) Somatovisceral
c) Neurodystrophic
d) Somatoautonomic
Which condition produces the greatest tendency toward subluxation
a) Microtrauma
b) Maximum neural homeostasis
c) Maximal relative possible muscle tone
d) Minimal inherent articular stability
Which of the following is not part of the spinal nerve
a) Anterior spinal root
b) Dorsal root ganglion
c) Posterior spinal root
d) Recurrent meningeal nerve
Which structure is affected first during the physiological changes that occur during compression
a) Vein
b) Artery
c) Nerve
d) Lymphatics
Which law states that increased stress on a bone increases the bone density
a) Heuter Volkmann
b) Wolff
c) Hilton
d) Gonstead
Weight bearing joints of the body adapt to function of the spine. What is this theory
a) Structural
b) Sectional
c) Fixation
d) Functional
In the application of an axial compressive load, which element of an uncompromised motion segment
will fail first
a) Annulus fibrosis
b) Vertebral end plate
c) Neural arch
d) Nucleus pulposus
What is the reaction of elastic tissue to a compressive load
a) It will return to the original shape after the compressive load is removed
b) It will buckle and fragment
c) It will undergo hysteresis
d) It will become permanently deformed
Subluxation of the fibula may impinge which of the following nerves
a) Common peroneal
b) Femoral
c) Superficial peroneal
d) Deep peroneal
Which motion will stretch the right vertebral artery
a) Extension and right rotation
b) Extension and left rotation
c) Flexion and rotation to the right
d) Flexion and rotation to the left
The dentate ligament connects the ________ to the __________
a) Pia mater; arachnoid
b) Pia mater; dura mater
c) Arachnoid; dura mater
d) Arachnoid; pia mater
Pressure in the lumbar disc is increased most in which of the following positions
a) Sitting and bending forward
b) Sitting and bending back
c) Sitting
d) Standing
Paresthesia of the lateral thigh would involve which area of the spine
a) Upper lumbar
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b) Lower lumbar
c) L-5, S-1
d) Sacral nerves
Which of the following is not characteristic of scleratogenous pain
a) Dull and achy
b) Positive neurological findings
c) Burning pain
d) Increased by movement
Which ligament most limits extension, rotation, and lateral flexion in the spine
a) Anterior longitudinal
b) Posterior longitudinal
c) Intertransversarii
d) Rotators
Which of the following ligaments is least significant at the C-1, C-2 area
a) Apical
b) Alar
c) Cruciate
d) Transverse
Which of the following is characteristic of a patient with polio
a) Hyperreflexia
b) Flaccid paralysis
c) Hypertonia
d) Clonus
Hip flexion would not be limited by spasm of the
a) Iliopsoas
b) Hamstrings
c) Gastrocnemius
d) Erector spinae
A patient who was involved in a serious motor vehicle accident seven years prior presents with nausea
and dizziness resulting from turning the head while backing out of a driveway. Which of the following is
most likely the reason for the symptoms
a) Meniscoid entrapment
b) Vertebral basilar artery insufficiency
c) Viscerosomatic reflex
d) Neurodystrophic phenomenon
Where are you least likely to find foraminal encroachment
a) C-1
b) C-3
c) C-4
d) C-7
Which of the following will result from proprioceptive insult
a) Vascular insufficiency
b) Muscle spasm
c) Muscle atrophy
d) Incontinence
Which of the following best describes the pain that results from direct neurological compression
a) Dull, deep, aching
b) No reproducible by the patient
c) Sharp and burning distal to the site of injury
d) Poorly localized
Vagal stimulation which increases antibody titer and phagocytic activity supports which of the following
subluxation models
a) Axoplasmic aberration
b) Dentate ligament traction
c) Neuroimmunomodulation
d) Viscerosomatic reflex
Which of the following is not a major component of the spinal fixation model by Korr
a) Gamma motor neuron
b) Spinal fixation
c) Golgi tendon organs
d) Joint receptors
81) Decreased motion due to fatty-fibrous infiltration from the joint capsule is caused by which of the
following
a) Meniscoid entrapment
b) Fixation to immobilization
c) Ischemia
d) Somatosomatic reflex
82) Which area of the spine is least likely to result in foraminal encroachment
a) mid cervical
b) lower cervical
c) thoracic – because it is least mobile area
d) lumbar
83) Which motion is most limited in the thoracic spine
a) Lateral flexion
b) Flexion
c) Extension
d) Rotation
84) Which of the following is the primary hypothesis of chiropractic
a) Intervertebral subluxation
b) Axoplasmic aberration
c) Neurodystrophic phenomenon
d) Nerve compression
85) Spinal fixation can give rise to abnormal reflexes by bombardment of the ______ with afferent impulses
a) Dorsal horn cell
b) Ventral horn cell
c) Lateral lemniscus
d) Internuncial neurons
86) Fibrosis within a joint is a direct result of
a) Inflammation
b) Nerve irritation
c) Joint immobilization
d) Intrinsic muscle spasm
87) Of the following, which isolated motion below axis is most restricted
a) Lateral flexion
b) Flexion
c) Extension
d) Rotation
88) The biochemical elements of a fixation complex do not include which of the following
a) Kinins
b) Lactic acid
c) Prostaglandins
d) Histamine
89) C fibers that transmit pain sensation to the spinal cord are not contained in the
a) Branches of the paravertebral plexus
b) Anterior primary division of the spinal nerve
c) Posterior primary division of the spinal nerve
d) Recurrent meningeal nerve
90) How does the size of the spinal canal change at various levels in the spine
a) Decreases from L-1 to L-5
b) Increases from L-1 to L-5
c) Remains the same from L-1 to L-5
d) Increases and then decreases from L-1 to L-5
91) Vagotonia is most likely caused by which of the following
a) Sympathetic atonia – vagus is parasympathetic
b) Upper cervical lesion
c) Upper motor neuron lesion – vagus is a LMN
d) Neurodystrophy
92) Overstimulation of sensory receptors which results from vertebral disrelationships or subluxation is
common to the _________ hypothesis
a) Nerve compression
b) Axoplasmic aberration
c) Neurodystrophic phenomenon
d) Proprioceptive insult
93) Why does compression impede impulse transmission through large afferent nerve fibers before small
fibers
a) Large nerve fibers are more easily deformed – they take up more space
b) Small nerve fibers transmit greater numbers of action potentials
c) Large nerve fibers are more sensitive to ischemia
d) Small nerve fibers are more heavily myelinated
94) The degenerative changes that accompany chronic subluxation are most likely due to
a) Hypersympatheticotonia
b) Hyposympathicotonia
c) Summated generated potential
d) Increased biomechanical stress
95) A positive response to spinal manipulation in someone with Raynaud’s phenomenon is best explained
by
a) Somatoautonomic reflex
b) Spinal nerve compression
c) Neurodystrophic phenomenon
d) Vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency
96) An osteophyte projection into the IVF between C3 and C4 impinges on which spinal nerve
a) C2
b) C3
c) C4
d) C5
97) Hypomobility or fixation is which type of subluxation
a) Sectional
b) Paravertebral
c) Static intersegmental
d) Kinetic intersegmental
98) A 31 year old male has foot drop and permanent nerve damage. He injured his lower back lifting a
surfer but delayed getting treatment. Which hypothesis explains the permanent nerve damage
a) Proprioceptive insult – caused it, but doesn’t explain effect
b) Axoplasmic aberration (compression on an axon – Wallerian degeneration)
c) Somatoautonomic reflex
d) Neurodystrophic hypothesis
99) ???Which hypothesis is implicated when the subluxation produces direct mechanical irritation to the
CNS
a) Dentate ligament
b) Viscerosomatic reflex
c) Proprioceptive insult
d) Neurodystrophic hypothesis
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Anterior lateral thigh pain which may accompany aggravation results from reflex irritation of which
nerve
a) Lateral femoral cutaneous
b) Iliohypogastric
c) Ilioinguinal
d) Obturator
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Clinical signs of myelopathy most likely indicate which etiology
a) Cord compression
b) Anterior spondylosis
c) Muscle asynergy
d) Neurodystrophic phenomenon
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Subluxation of the sacroiliac articulation refer pain to the gluteal area as a result of
a) Muscle strain
b) Nerve root irritation
c) Viscerosomatic reflex
d) Abnormal ligament tension
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Unilateral spasm of which muscle is likely to result in a purely lateral flexion subluxation
a) Rotator brevis
b) Semispinalis
c) Multifidus
d) Intertransversalis
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Hypertrophy of which ligament will reduce the size of the intervertebral foramen
a) Intertransverse
b) Flaval
c) Anterior longitudinal
d) Posterior longitudinal
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Which condition is characterized by radiculopathy
a) Thromboangitis obliterans – Berger’s disease; because of perivascular plexus around the nerve
b) Syphilis
c) Hodgkin’s lymphoma
d) Systemic lupus erythematosus
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Somatic afferent bombardment of dorsal horn cells likely results from
a) Cord compression
b) Neurodystrophy
c) Spinal fixation
d) Nerve compression
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Which is the least likely consequence of a sacroiliac subluxation
a) Somatosomatic reflex
b) Nerve root compression
c) Somatic pain
d) Somatoautonomic reflex
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When the patient flexes his neck to look at his feet, his arms feel weak and tingly. Which
hypothesis is this?
a) Axoplasmic aberration
b) Lateral recess stenosis
c) Vertebral basilar artery insufficiency
d) Cord compression
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Beevor’s sign is characteristic of cord compression at which vertebral level
a) T10
b) L2
c) L3
d) L5