Download Introduction to Splanchnology

Introduction to splanchnology
1.
General organization of the internal organs
2.
Digestive system – overview and development
3.
Facial skeleton
4.
Temporomandibular joint
5.
Muscles of mastication
6.
Teeth – types, structure and function
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Internal organs of human body
Internal organs – viscera (splanchna):
organs of the digestive, respiratory
and urogenital systems
located primarily in the thoracic and
abdominal cavities
functions – organs of vegetative state
(vegetative organs)
metabolism
reproduction
structural and functional differentiation
hollow organs (tube or pouch) or
parenchymal organs
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
2
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Internal organs
Digestive system:
from cranial to caudal end of the body,
mostly in the abdominal cavity
Respiratory system:
mainly in the thoracic cavity
Urogenital system:
in the lower part of the
abdominal cavity
and in the pelvis
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Tissue structure of the internal organs
Main tissues:
epithelial tissue – functionally distinct tissue
smooth muscle tissue
connective tissue:
loose connective tissue
dense connective tissue
reticular tissue
cartilage tissue
nervous tissue:
nerve cells (neurons)
autonomic nerves
sensory receptors
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
General structure of hollow organs
mucosa, tunica mucosa:
lamina epithelialis – covering epithelium
lamina propria – loose connective tissue
blood and lymph vessels
lymph follicles (MALT, GALT, BALT)
elastic fibers, nerves and nerve structures
mucosal glands – in stomach and gut
lamina muscularis mucosae – smooth muscle
(membrana elastica)
tela submucosa
blood vessels
submucosal plexus
(plexus of Meissner)
glands – in esophagus and duodenum
tunica muscularis
inner circular layer
myenteric plexus
(plexus of Auerbach)
outer longitudinal layer
tunica serosa (adventitia)
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
General structure of parenchymal organs
Parenchyma vs. Stroma
Solid organs, organa solida:
epithelial tissue – parenchyma
connective tissue – stroma
blood and lymph vessels
nerve structures
Structure principle:
structural units
lobules, segments, lobes
fibrous capsule
adventitia or serosa
Main functions:
secretion and excretion
gas exchange
formation of sex cells
Representatives:
liver, pancreas
kidney, spleen
ovary, glands
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Methods of investigation in splanchnology
dissection –
macroscopic anatomy
microscopic anatomy –
histological structure
injection-corrosion casting technique
HIC MORTUI VIVOS DOCENT
plastination
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Methods of investigation in splanchnology
Imaging anatomy:
conventional radiography
computed tomography (CT)
magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)
ultrasound technique
(sonography)
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Digestive system
Digestion:
mechanical breakdown of food
chemical breakdown – enzymes
traveling down of the bolus (peristalsis)
absorption of the chyme
elimination of waste material (defecation)
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Digestive system
Digestive system,
systema digestorium, apparatus digestorius:
alimentary canal – length 9 m
mouth
anus
accessory digestive
glands:
salivary glands
liver, incl. gallbladder
pancreas
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Alimentary canal
Anterior part:
mouth (oral cavity)
pharynx
esophagus
Middle part – GI tract:
stomach
small intestine
Posterior (terminal) part:
large intestine,
incl. rectum and anus
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Embryonic development
of the digestive system
Embryogenesis:
molecular regulation – homeobox genes
Embryonic origin:
endoderm
epithelium and associated glands
mesenchyme
connective tissue formations
smooth musculature
blood and lymph vessels
lymph follicles
ectoderm
nerve structures
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Embryonic development
of the digestive system
Primary gut tube:
foregut
posterior part of oral cavity
o thyroid gland
pharynx
o parathyroid glands
o thymus
esophagus
stomach
upper part of duodenum
o liver and pancreas
horizontal part of duodenum
midgut
small and part of large intestine
proximal ⅔ of the transverse colon
hindgut
lateral ⅓ of the transverse colon
descending, sigmoid colon and rectum
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Embryonic development
of the digestive system
Pharyngeal arches – 4th-5th weeks of gestation:
mesenchyme –
paraxial and lateral mesoderm
skin ectoderm
endoderm
Derivatives of pharyngeal arches:
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Embryonic development
of the digestive system
Pharyngeal clefts – derivatives
Pharyngeal pouches – derivatives
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Bones of the head,
skull, cranium
Skull – 22 bones, ossa cranii:
braincase, cranium cerebrale
(neurocranium): twice larger
paired and unpaired bones
desmal, chondral and
mixed ossification
facial skeleton, cranium faciale
(viscerocranium):
mostly paired boned
unpaired bones:
o mandible and vomer
desmal ossification
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Bones of the facial skeleton,
viscerocranium
Paired bones:
nasal bone,
os nasale
lacrimal bone,
os lacrimale
zygomatic bone,
os zygomaticum
maxillary bone,
maxilla
os incisivum (os Goethe’)
palatine bone,
os palatinum
inferior nasal concha,
concha nasalis inferior
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Bones of the facial skeleton,
viscerocranium
Paired bones:
nasal bone,
os nasale
lacrimal bone,
os lacrimale
zygomatic bone,
os zygomaticum
maxillary bone,
maxilla
os incisivum (os Goethe’)
palatine bone,
os palatinum
inferior nasal concha,
concha nasalis inferior
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Bones of the facial skeleton,
viscerocranium
Unpaired bones:
mandible,
mandibula
vomer,
vomer
hyoid bone,
os hyoideum
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Temporomandibular joint,
articulatio temporomandibularis
Joint structure:
articular surfaces
articular
disk
fibrous
capsule
synovial
membrane
ligaments
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Kinesiology of the joint
Biomechanics of the temporomandibular joint:
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Muscles of the head,
musculi capitis
Masticatory muscles
Mimic (facial) muscles –
groups:
scalp and auricular groups
orbital group
oral and nasal groups
Deep occipital muscles
Muscles of the:
eye
middle ear
tongue
soft palate and pharynx
Suprahyoid muscles
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Muscles of mastication,
mm. masticatorii
Masticatory muscles:
origin from different parts of the skull
attached to the mandible
derived from the first branchial
(pharyngeal) arch
nerve supply by the homonymous
branches of the mandibular nerve
(trigeminal nerve)
concerned with the movements of the
mandible in mastication
jaw-closing muscles
primary and accessory
muscles of mastication
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Muscles of mastication,
mm. masticatorii
Masseter muscle, m. masseter
Temporal muscle,
m. temporalis
Medial pterygoid muscle,
m. pterygoideus medialis
Lateral pterygoid muscle,
m. pterygoideus lateralis
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Masseter muscle, m. masseter
thick, somewhat quadrilateral
muscle at the side of the face
superficial portion:
origin from zygomatic bone
anterior end of the
zygomatic arch
insertion to the tuberositas
masseterica mandibulae
deep portion – much smaller:
origin from the inner part of
the zygomatic arch
temporal fascia
insertion to the outer part of
the mandibular ramus
elevation and retraction
of the lower jaw (mandible)
innervation: n. massetericus
(mandibular division,
V3 of the trigeminal nerve)
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Temporal muscle, m. temporalis
arises from the temporal fossa
covered by the lamina profunda
of the temporal fascia (aponeurosis)
fan-shaped with origin from:
linea temporalis inferior
squama temporalis
ala major ossis sphenoidalis and
os zygomaticum
fascia temporalis
insertion onto the coronoid process
of the mandible
(proc. coronoideus mandibulae)
the anterior vertical fibers
retrude and elevate the mandible
mouth closure
the posterior horizontal fibers
retract the mandible
innervation by the deep temporal nerves
(nn. temporales profundi)
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Medial pterygoid muscle,
m. pterygoideus medialis
thick, quadrilateral muscle of mastication
located in the infratemporal fossa,
medially from the mandibular ramus,
vertically directed
superficial head, caput mediale –
smaller, origin from the:
pyramidal process of the palatine bone
tuberosity of the maxilla
deep head, caput laterale –
origin from the:
medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
fossa separating this and the medial plate
insertion into the medial surface
of the angle of the mandible posterior
to the mylohyoid groove
elevation of the mandible closes the jaw
contribution to protrusion of the mandible
excursion of the mandible
innervation: the nerve to medial pterygoid
(n. pterygoideus medialis)
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Lateral pterygoid muscle,
m. pterygoideus lateralis
a short, thick muscle, somewhat conical in form
extends almost horizontally
opening the jaw
superior part, pars superior arises from:
the infratemporal surface and
infratemporal crest of
the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
inferior part, pars inferior:
originates on the lateral surface
of the lateral pterygoid plate
insertion onto:
fovea pterygoidea mandibulae
articular disk and fibrous capsule of
the temporomandibular joint (upper head)
the neck of condyle of the mandible
(lower head)
helping lower the mandible and
open the jaw
unilateral action produces
contralateral excursion
innervation: n. pterygoideus lateralis
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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SPLANCHNOLOGY
Teeth, dentes
Teeth, dentes (Gr. odus, odontos):
mechanical breakdown (chew) of food
help in phonation
derivatives of oral mucosa
Permanent teeth, dentes permanentes:
32 teeth into two symmetrical halves
Deciduous (milk) teeth, dentes decidui:
the first set of teeth in the growth
development of humans
20 teeth into two symmetrical halves
Prof. Dr. Nikolai Lazarov
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