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SECTION II (Units 6-9)
TOPIC: ENERGY & THE ENVIRONMENT
INTEGRATED GRAMMAR THROUGH TRANSLATION AND ORAL PRACTICE
• UNIT 6: GENERATING ELECTRICITY: THE GENERATOR
(Prepositions)
• UNIT 7: POWER PLANTS (verb tense revision)
• UNIT 8: ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES(Conditional)
• UNIT 9: POLLUTION & RECYCLING (degree, expressing
opinion)
EXAM (50p): 23rd MAY or 19th JUNE + Video test
(pract sess 9)
ESSAY : ELECTRICITY & ENERGY (250 words)
DEADLINE= 15th MAY
Please, follow the instructions
(personales.upv.es/ajaime)
UNIT 6
ELECTRICITY
Vocabulary
• Ways of generating electricity
• Magnetism & Electromagnetism
• Generators and transformers
Grammar
• Integrated practice of grammar structures and
functions
• Revision of connectors
• Prepositions
LISTENING: electricity
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SOME CHARGED SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
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WHEN THEY START MOVING FROM ATOM TO ATOM
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OF WHICH ALL MATTER IS COMPOSED.
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CONTAINING PROTONS AND NEUTRONS,
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AROUND WHICH ELECTRONS ORBIT;
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ARE MORE EASILY DRAWN AWAY
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CREATE AN ELECTRIC CURRENT
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AN ELECTRON IS NEGATIVELY CHARGED
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NEUTRONS HAVE NO ELECTRICAL CHARGES
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AS THERE ARE AS MANY PROTONS AS ELECTRONS IN ONE ATOM.
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DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER DEPENDING ON THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND
PROTONS that they contain.
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IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT THE NUCLEUS IS THE SMALLEST PART OF AN
ATOM,
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ON THE OTHER HAND, weighs only about 1/1800 (one eighteen hundredth) OF THE
WEIGHT OF A PROTON OR NEUTRON
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A DIFFERENCE IN POTENTIAL BETWEEN TWO POINTS must be created.
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Electric sources SUCH AS BATTERIES, CELLS, GENERATORS, etc
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INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
CONNECTORS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
WHEREAS/WHILE
INSTEAD OF
DUE TO THE FACT THAT / SINCE
THUS /THEREFORE
DUE TO
IN SPITE OF / DESPITE
SINCE / DUE TO THE FACT THAT
ALTHOUGH
INSTEAD.
NEVERTHELESS
WHICH
IN WHICH
DUE TO
THUS / INSTEAD OF
TRUE- FALSE
1. A magnet attracts mainly iron. T
2. A piece of iron can be magnetised by adding carbon to it. F
3. In a magnet, the north pole is negatively charged and the south
pole is positively charged. F
4. The north pole of the earth is attracted by the north pole of a
magnet. F
5. The lines of force run from the North pole to the South pole. T
6. Hans Oersted discovered the relationship between electricity and
magnetism by chance. T
7. In a magnet, the needle points to the geographic North pole. F
8. Nowadays most electric motors are based on the principle of
electromagnetism. T
NOUNS
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ADDition
DIRECTion
STRONG/strength
DEVELOPment
ABLE/ability
ATTRACTion
SCIENCE/scientist
GENERATE/or-tion
MAGNETism
REPEL/repulsion
DISCOVERy
TRANSFORMer/ation
ELECTROMAGNETS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EjfEiEwpuT8
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1-A piece of metal with two ends: North and South
2- A permanent magnet
3- Disadvantages
4- An electromagnet is the same as a permanent magnet
5- We get the N & S poles by passing a current through
the coil
6- I get no magnet
7- Because the electricity creates the magnetism
8- There is no metal in it
If I put some iron in the center it will make it much
stronger (10-20 times stronger)
9- A soft iron core (soft= easy to magnetize)
10-I can switch it on and off
PREPOSITIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
… when brought NEAR a magnet
… attracted BY a magnet are capable OF becoming magnetized
Magnetism … induced IN a magnetic material BY several means
…responsible FOR practically …encountered IN daily life, WITH
the exception OF gravity
…takes its form AS a result OF intermolecular forces BETWEEN
individual molecules IN matter
Electromagnetism …together INSIDE atoms. This governs the
processes involved IN chemistry
…are the cause OF the force associated WITH magnets.
…emanate FROM the north …, pass THROUGH surrounding ….
… travel INSIDE the magnet from the south pole TO the north pole
Originally … were thought OF as two separate forces.
… flowing THROUGH a wire …magnetic field AROUND the wire,
its direction depending ON that OF the current.
A compass …is north BY pointing TOWARDS that direction
While preparing FOR an evening lecture ON 21 April 1820, H.
Oersted …deflected FROM magnetic north when … current
PREPOSITIONS
Let´s have a look AT one of Faraday´s experiments, IN which he
used a copper wheel and a horseshoe magnet.
The wheel was located BETWEEN the poles OF the magnet.
Electrical contacts were applied TO the wheel, both AT the centre
and AT/ON the edge of it.
These parts were connected TO an ammeter BY means of wires IN
order to detect the electrical current.
Whenever the wheel rotated BETWEEN the ends of the magnet, an
electrical current was shown ON / IN the ammeter´s display.
When the wheel was made to turn IN / TO the opposite direction,
the needle OF / IN the ammeter was deflected IN / TO the
opposite direction, too.
Therefore, according TO this experiment, the direction of the
current depended ON the turning of the wheel placed close TO
a magnetic field.
TRANSLATION
• Some SCIENTISTS (WHO WERE) WORKING ON
ELECTROMAGNETISM
• could BE STRENGTHENED BY SENDING A CURRENT
THROUGH A COIL
• A GREATER/HIGHER NUMBER OF TURNS IN THE COIL
• AS IT ALSO DOES
• AROUND
• SINCE/AS THE IRON BECOMES MAGNETIZED
• DISCOVERY that A MAGNETIC FIELD COULD BE
CREATED BY AN ELECTRIC CURRENT
• AN EMF (ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE) IS CREATED
• THIS MAKES/CAUSES A CURRENT OF ELECTRONS Ø/TO
FLOW THROUGH THE WIRE
• GENERATING
• LINES OF FORCE
• THE FASTER THE WIRE IS MADE TO TURN, THE
GREATER
TRANSLATION
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BETWEEN ITS
AS THE ROTOR TURNS
CUT THE LINES OF FORCE
IS DRIVEN BY A TURBINE
BY BURNING COAL OR OIL
ARE ALSO BASED ON
ELECTROMAGNETISM,
They consist OF two COILS of wire WOUND
An ALTERNATING CURRENT FLOWS
THROUGH THE PRIMARY
MORE TURNS THAN THE SECONDARY
INCREASES/GOES UP/RISES.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
LISTENING
THERMAL, LUMINOUS, CHEMICAL,
MAGNETIC
IT MAY HEAT THE CONDUCTOR
ELECTRIC MOTORS AND
GENERATORS
NO. EG. DOMESTIC APPLIANCES
(ELECTRIC COOKERS) AND MANY
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
LIGHT
THE CONDUCTOR BECOMES
INCANDESCENT
THE FILAMENT OF A LIGHT BULB
WHEN A CURRENT IONIZES A GAS
GREENISH-BLUE LIGHT
LISTENING
10.
AN ELECTRIC CURRENT CAN SEPARATE A CHEMICAL
COMPOUND INTO ITS COMPONENTS
11.
BY ELECTROLYSIS OF SALT WATER
12.
TO BREAK DOWN WATER INTO HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
13.
SULPHURIC ACID BECAUSE PURE WATER DOES NOT
CONDUCT WELL
14.
A MAGNETIC FIELD AROUND IT
15.
1-MAGNETIZE MAGNETIC MATERIALS AND ATTRACT THEM
TO THE CONDUCTOR (e.g. = RELAYS)
16.
2- IF THE MAGNETIC FIELD IS CUT BY ANOTHER
CONDUCTOR, AND ElectroMotiveForce WILL BE INDUCED
IN THAT CONDUCTOR (e.g.= TRANSFORMERS AND
GENERATORS)
17.
3-IF A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR IS PLACED IN
THE MAGNETIC FIELD, A FORCE WILL BE EXERTED ON IT
(e.g.= MOTORS)
REVISION
1- Materials can be divided into
conductors and insulators
depending on whether they permit
electrons to flow easily/ how easily
they permit electrons to flow
REVISION
2- Most metals are good conductors
because they have (a) low resistance
(to electricity)
3-However, copper is the most commonly
used metal in wires due to its low
resistance. In addition, its malleability
and ductility enable us to make coils
REVISION
4- The cross section of a wire is also
important. Thus, a thick wire offers a
low resistance to the flow of electricity,
whereas a thin wire increases
resistance. Thick wires are therefore
used for distributing / to distribute
electricity from power plants to our
houses.
REVISION
5- On the other hand, thin wires
are used in lamps because
their high resistance is what is
used for making / to make
lamps shine