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th 5 Grade Essential Knowledge Essential= What I must know! SOL 5.1 Scientific Investigation, Reasoning, and Logic Prediction A forecast about what may happen in some future situation. It is based on factual information, trends, and patterns Observation The use of senses to collect information about the environment. Inference The use of prior knowledge and experience to generate conclusions about those observations. SOL 5.2 Force, Motion, and Energy SOUND Sound is…… Vibrating Matter Frequency The number of vibrations in a given unit of time. Pitch is determined by the frequency of a vibrating object. Pitch HIGH frequency = HIGH pitch LOW frequency= LOW pitch Traveling Sound Sound travels fastest through a solid. Sound travels slowest through a gas. WHY? The molecules in a solid are packed tighter together and do not have to travel as far! Animals and humans use sound in different ways! Musical Instruments Vibrate to make sound! SOL 5.3 • Force Motion and Energy • LIGHT Visible Light • Visible, or white, light is a combination of several different wavelengths traveling together. • These wavelengths are represented by the colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. • ROYGBIV! • Red is the longest wave and violet is the shortest. Light travels… • In waves • Faster than sound • From the sun to the earth in less than 8 ½ minutes! Light Travels… • In straight paths until it hits an object where it: • • • • Bounces (reflects) Bends (refracts) Passes through (transmitted) Or is absorbed as heat. • A prism can be used to refract (bend) visible light which causes a visible spectrum (a rainbow!) 5.4 Matter Matter Facts ALL matter is made of particles that are too small to be seen without a special tool. There are more than 100 known elements (the periodic table) that make up ALL matter. The smallest part of an element is an atom! Compound When two or more elements combine to form a new substance. Example: 2 hydrogen elements and 1 oxygen element combine to form the compound water (H2O). Mixture A combination of 2 or more substances that do not lose their identifying characteristics. Example: Salad – When you mix up a salad is that tomato still a tomato? Solution A mixture in which one substance dissolves in another. Example: Kool-aid. The powder and sugar dissolves in the water! Matter changing states: When temperature increases, particles in matter speed up. A solid may change from a liquid and then a gas! When temperature decreases , particles in matter slow down. A gas may change from a gas to a liquid and then to a solid! SOL 5.5 Living Systems CELLS All living things are made of cells. Cells can’t be seen by eye alone, but with a microscope you can see many parts of a cell. Cells carry out ALL life processes! Animal and Plant cells are similar, but different! Animal Cells Circular in shape Have a cell membrane only Plant Cells Rectangular in shape Have a cell wall AND a cell membrane. Organisms can be organized into kingdoms: Monerans Protists Fungi Plants Animals Plants can be divided into 2 groups: VASCULAR (have tubes, or special tissues, for transporting nutrients – leaves, stems, roots, etc.) Like a tree! NONVASCULAR (No tubes for transporting – must absorb nutrients) Moss is an example! Animals can be divided into 2 groups: VERTEBRATE- animals with a backbone Example: Fish, humans, birds, snakes… INVERTEBRATEAnimals with NO backbone. Example: worm, jellyfish, insects… SOL 5.6 • Interrelationships in Earth/Space Systems Oceans Ocean Facts • About 70% of the earth is covered by ocean. • The depth of the ocean varies: For example, trenches are very deep and the continental shelf is relatively shallow. • The salinity (saltiness) of the ocean also varies, depending on evaporation and runoff. Important Ocean floor features: • Continental Shelf – when you play on the beach you are standing on it! Most ocean plant life lives here! • Continental Slope- steep drop-off from the shelf • Continental Rise- gentle rise joining the slope to the abyssal plain. • Abyssal Plain- the vast ocean floor. Very little plant and animal life lives here because the sun rays can’t reach that deep! Basic Motions of the Ocean: •Waves •Currents (the Gulf Stream current affects our weather!) •Tides As the DEPTH of the ocean increases: • The temperature decreases • The pressure increases • The amount of light decreases These things affect which organisms live where! Phytoplankton • Plant-like • Produces much of the Earth’s oxygen • Are eaten by other organisms • A PRODUCER in the ocean food web. SOL 5.7 Earth Patterns, Cycles, and Change Rocks move and change constantly! Why? Heat Pressure Weathering Erosion Rocks can be identified by physical properties. How? By By By By By what it is made of grain size the texture the color the presence of fossils Rocks are classified by how they are formed: 3 possible classifications of rocks: Sedimentary Metamorphic Igneous Sedimentary Rocks Layers of sediment cemented together Fossils found in sedimentary rock These fossils can tell you much about the earth! If a shell fossil is found in the mountains, that tells us that mountain was once under water! Limestone is a common sedimentary rock in Virginia. Metamorphic Rock New rock created by heat and pressure. Example: When granite rock is exposed to high heat and pressure, it becomes a rock called gneiss. Igneous Rock Formed from melted and cooled magma or lava. Remember: Melted rock is called magma when it is below Earth’s surface and it is called lava when it is above Earth’s surface. The Earth is Ancient! About 4.6 billion years old! How do we know? Scientists can reliably determine the age of rocks. By studying fossils, which give clues about the Earth’s past. The Earth is composed of 4 Layers: The crust, mantle, outer core, and the inner core. Crust Thinnest layer The layer we live on! Made primarily of rocky material Mantle The largest layer Made of rocky material – some of it is melted! Moves around and around like a conveyor belt in the grocery store! Outer Core Melted nickel and iron Very hot! Nooo! Not that kind of hot iron! The metal called iron, silly! Inner Core Solid nickel and iron EXTREME HEAT AND PRESSURE! The heat and pressure INCREASES as you go towards the center of the Earth. We would be squished to the size of a marble if we were able to travel to the center of the earth! Earth’s Plates Plates= large continent-sized blocks of land These plates slowly move about the surface, driven by heat This is called Plate?! Is it time for a break yet?? Faults Where two plates meet (the boundary) is called a fault. Most earthquakes and volcanoes happen along faults. Types of boundaries: Divergent boundaries – when plates divide / move away from each other. Convergent boundaries- when plates move towards each other Cause of past and present plate movements: Earthquakes Volcanoes Ocean trenches and ridges Mountains WEATHERING The process of breaking down rocks and other material due to rain, ice, wind, etc. EROSION The process of sediments being moved by wind and water from one place to another. 4th Grade Essential Knowledge SOL 4.1 Scientific Investigation, Reasoning, and Logic Experiment A FAIR test driven by a hypothesis (educated guess). A fair test is one which only ONE variable is compared. VARIABLES Independent Variable – – The MANIPULATED variable. The one that is changed in an experiement! Dependent Variable – – Te variable that is DEPENDENT on the independent variable The RESPONDING variable SOL 4.2 Force, Motion, and Energy Speed How fast an object is moving Kinetic and potential energy KINETIC ENERGY The energy of motion •POTENTIAL ENERGY •Energy that is stored in an object. FORCE ANY push or pull that causes an object to move, stop, or change speed or direction. Unless a force is applied, an object in motion will remain in motion and an object at rest will remain at rest. SOL 4.3 ► Force, Motion, and Energy ►Electricity and Circuits Circuit= pathway taken by electric current ► Series Circuit= there is only one path for electricity to take ► Parallel Circuit= there are two or more paths for electricity to take Closed Circuit ►Allows the flow of electricity to continue. ►A circuit switch is “on” when it is closed. Open Circuit ► When there is a break in the circuit that prevents the movement of electrical energy. ► A circuit switch is “off” when it is opened. Conductors ► Materials that aid in the flow of electricity ► Examples: metals, water Insulators ► Materials that prohibit the flow of electricity. ► Examples: rubber, plastic, wood. The plastic covering wires is an insulator. Lightning ►Discharge of static electricity in the atmosphere Heat Energy Light Energy Mechanical Energy Electromagnet ► Wire wrapped around an iron nail and included with a closed circuit creates a magnetic field and is called an electromagnet. SOL 4.4 Life Processes Plants and Reproduction Parts of a plant Roots- anchor a plant and absorb nutrients Stem- supports a plant and transports nutrients Leaves- perform photosynthesis Diagram of a Flower Pollination Process by which pollen is moved from the stamen to the stigma on the pistil. Photosynthesis Green plants use chlorophyll to produce food (sugar) Oxygen is produced during photosynthesis Dormancy a behavior of plants in which they stop growing or grow very slowly to aid in plants survival. SOL 4.5 Living Systems Adaptaions Behavioral Adaptations When an organism does something to aid in its survival, such as migrating or hibernation •Structural Adaptations •The characteristics of a living thing’s body that helps it survive, such as thorns on a cactus or quills on a porcupine Habitat An organism’s habitat provides food, water, shelter, and space. Niche The role an organism plays in its community My niche in our school is teacher, yours is student! SOL 4.6 •Weather Temperature • The measure of the amount of heat energy in the air. • A thermometer is used to measure temperature. Air pressure • Is due to the weight • of the air. A barometer is used to measure air pressure. Anemometer • Used to measure wind speed. Fronts • Cold Front – When a cold air mass moves into the area • Warm front – When a warm air mass moves into the area Cumulus Clouds • White, fluffy • Fair weather Cumulonimbus • Tall, dark • Stormy Weather Cirrus • • • • Wispy Feathery Hair-like The highest clouds in our atmosphere! Stratus • Lowest cloud • Blanket-like • Fog