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th
5
Grade Essential
Knowledge
Essential= What I must know!
SOL 5.1
 Scientific
Investigation,
Reasoning, and
Logic
Prediction
 A forecast about what may happen in
some future situation. It is based on
factual information, trends, and
patterns
Observation
 The use of senses
to collect
information about
the environment.
Inference
 The use of prior
knowledge and
experience to
generate
conclusions about
those observations.
SOL 5.2

Force, Motion, and
Energy
SOUND
Sound is……
Vibrating
Matter
Frequency

The number of vibrations in a given
unit of time.
Pitch is determined by the
frequency of a vibrating object.
Pitch


HIGH frequency =
HIGH pitch
LOW frequency=
LOW pitch
Traveling Sound



Sound travels fastest through a
solid.
Sound travels slowest through a
gas.
WHY? The molecules in a solid are
packed tighter together and do not
have to travel as far!
Animals and humans use sound in
different ways!
Musical Instruments Vibrate to make
sound!
SOL 5.3
• Force Motion and Energy
• LIGHT
Visible Light
• Visible, or white, light
is a combination of
several different
wavelengths traveling
together.
• These wavelengths are
represented by the
colors red, orange,
yellow, green, blue,
indigo, and violet.
• ROYGBIV!
• Red is the longest
wave and violet is the
shortest.
Light travels…
• In waves
• Faster than
sound
• From the sun
to the earth in
less than 8 ½
minutes!
Light Travels…
• In straight paths until it hits an
object where it:
•
•
•
•
Bounces (reflects)
Bends (refracts)
Passes through (transmitted)
Or is absorbed as heat.
• A prism can be used to refract
(bend) visible light which causes a
visible spectrum (a rainbow!)
5.4
Matter
Matter Facts
 ALL matter is made of
particles that are too
small to be seen
without a special tool.
 There are more than
100 known elements
(the periodic table)
that make up ALL
matter. The smallest
part of an element is
an atom!
Compound
 When two or more
elements combine to form
a new substance.
Example: 2
hydrogen
elements and 1
oxygen element
combine to form
the compound
water (H2O).
Mixture
 A combination of 2 or
more substances that
do not lose their
identifying
characteristics.
 Example: Salad –
When you mix up a
salad is that tomato
still a tomato?
Solution
 A mixture in which
one substance
dissolves in another.
 Example: Kool-aid.
The powder and
sugar dissolves in the
water!
Matter changing states:
 When temperature
increases, particles
in matter speed up.
A solid may change
from a liquid and then a
gas!
 When temperature
decreases , particles
in matter slow down.
A gas may change from
a gas to a liquid and
then to a solid!
SOL 5.5
Living Systems
CELLS
 All living things are made of cells.
 Cells can’t be seen by eye alone, but with
a microscope you can see many parts of
a cell.
 Cells carry out ALL life
processes!
Animal and Plant cells are
similar, but different!
 Animal Cells
 Circular in shape
 Have a cell
membrane only
 Plant Cells
 Rectangular in shape
 Have a cell wall AND
a cell membrane.
Organisms can be
organized into kingdoms:
 Monerans
 Protists
 Fungi
 Plants
 Animals
Plants can be divided into
2 groups:
 VASCULAR (have
tubes, or special tissues,
for transporting nutrients
– leaves, stems, roots,
etc.) Like a tree!
 NONVASCULAR (No
tubes for transporting –
must absorb nutrients)
Moss is an example!
Animals can be divided
into 2 groups:
 VERTEBRATE- animals
with a backbone
 Example: Fish, humans,
birds, snakes…
 INVERTEBRATEAnimals with NO
backbone.
 Example: worm,
jellyfish, insects…
SOL 5.6
• Interrelationships in Earth/Space Systems
Oceans
Ocean Facts
• About 70% of the earth is covered by
ocean.
• The depth of the ocean varies: For
example, trenches are very deep and the
continental shelf is relatively shallow.
• The salinity (saltiness) of the ocean also
varies, depending on evaporation and runoff.
Important Ocean floor features:
• Continental Shelf – when you play on the
beach you are standing on it! Most ocean plant
life lives here!
• Continental Slope- steep drop-off from the
shelf
• Continental Rise- gentle rise joining the slope
to the abyssal plain.
• Abyssal Plain- the vast ocean floor. Very little
plant and animal life lives here because the sun
rays can’t reach that deep!
Basic Motions of the Ocean:
•Waves
•Currents (the Gulf
Stream current affects our
weather!)
•Tides
As the DEPTH of the ocean
increases:
• The temperature decreases
• The pressure increases
• The amount of light decreases
These things affect which
organisms live where!
Phytoplankton
• Plant-like
• Produces much of the Earth’s
oxygen
• Are eaten by other organisms
• A PRODUCER in the ocean food
web.
SOL 5.7
 Earth
Patterns,
Cycles, and
Change
Rocks move and change
constantly!
 Why?
 Heat
 Pressure
 Weathering
 Erosion
Rocks can be identified by physical
properties.
 How?
 By
 By
 By
 By
 By
what it is made of
grain size
the texture
the color
the presence of fossils
Rocks are classified by how they
are formed:
3
possible classifications of
rocks:
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Igneous
Sedimentary Rocks



Layers of sediment cemented together
Fossils found in sedimentary rock
These fossils can tell you much about the earth!


If a shell fossil is found in the mountains, that tells us that
mountain was once under water!
Limestone is a common sedimentary rock in Virginia.
Metamorphic Rock


New rock created by heat and pressure.
Example: When granite rock is
exposed to high heat and pressure, it
becomes a rock called gneiss.
Igneous Rock


Formed from melted
and cooled magma or
lava.
Remember: Melted
rock is called magma
when it is below
Earth’s surface and it
is called lava when it
is above Earth’s
surface.
The Earth is Ancient! About 4.6
billion years old!

How do we know?
 Scientists can
reliably determine
the age of rocks.
 By studying fossils,
which give clues
about the Earth’s
past.
The Earth is composed of 4 Layers:
The crust, mantle, outer core, and
the inner core.
Crust
 Thinnest
layer
 The layer we
live on!
 Made primarily
of rocky
material
Mantle
The largest layer
 Made of rocky
material – some
of it is melted!
 Moves around
and around like a
conveyor belt in
the grocery
store!

Outer Core
Melted nickel
and iron
 Very hot!

Nooo! Not that kind of
hot iron! The metal called
iron, silly!
Inner Core



Solid nickel and iron
EXTREME HEAT AND
PRESSURE!
The heat and
pressure INCREASES
as you go towards the
center of the Earth.
We would be
squished to the size
of a marble if we
were able to travel to
the center of the
earth!
Earth’s Plates
Plates= large
continent-sized
blocks of land
 These plates
slowly move
about the
surface, driven
by heat
 This is called

Plate?! Is it time for
a break yet??
Faults
Where two
plates meet (the
boundary) is
called a fault.
 Most
earthquakes and
volcanoes
happen along
faults.

Types of boundaries:


Divergent boundaries
– when plates divide /
move away from each
other.
Convergent
boundaries- when
plates move towards
each other
Cause of past and present plate
movements:
 Earthquakes
 Volcanoes
 Ocean
trenches and ridges
 Mountains
 WEATHERING

The process of
breaking down
rocks and other
material due to
rain, ice, wind,
etc.
 EROSION

The process of
sediments being
moved by wind
and water from
one place to
another.
4th Grade

Essential Knowledge
SOL 4.1
 Scientific
Investigation,
Reasoning, and Logic
Experiment


A FAIR test driven by a hypothesis (educated
guess).
A fair test is one which only ONE variable is
compared.
VARIABLES

Independent Variable
–
–
The MANIPULATED
variable.
The one that is changed
in an experiement!

Dependent Variable
–
–
Te variable that is
DEPENDENT on the
independent variable
The RESPONDING
variable
SOL 4.2
 Force,
Motion, and Energy
Speed

How fast an
object is moving
Kinetic and potential energy

KINETIC ENERGY

The energy of motion
•POTENTIAL
ENERGY
•Energy that is
stored in an object.
FORCE


ANY push or pull that causes an
object to move, stop, or change
speed or direction.
Unless a force is applied, an object in
motion will remain in motion and an
object at rest will remain at rest.
SOL 4.3
► Force,
Motion, and
Energy
►Electricity
and
Circuits
Circuit= pathway taken by
electric current
► Series
Circuit= there is only one path for
electricity to take
► Parallel
Circuit= there are two or more
paths for electricity to take
Closed Circuit
►Allows
the flow
of electricity to
continue.
►A circuit switch
is “on” when it
is closed.
Open Circuit
► When
there is a break
in the circuit that
prevents the
movement of electrical
energy.
► A circuit switch is “off”
when it is opened.
Conductors
► Materials
that aid in
the flow of electricity
► Examples: metals,
water
Insulators
► Materials
that prohibit
the flow of electricity.
► Examples: rubber,
plastic, wood.
The plastic
covering wires is
an insulator.
Lightning
►Discharge
of
static electricity
in the
atmosphere
Heat Energy
Light Energy
Mechanical Energy
Electromagnet
► Wire
wrapped
around an iron nail
and included with a
closed circuit
creates a magnetic
field and is called
an electromagnet.
SOL 4.4


Life Processes
Plants and Reproduction
Parts of a plant



Roots- anchor a
plant and absorb
nutrients
Stem- supports a
plant and
transports
nutrients
Leaves- perform
photosynthesis
Diagram of a Flower
Pollination

Process by
which pollen is
moved from the
stamen to the
stigma on the
pistil.
Photosynthesis


Green plants use
chlorophyll to
produce food (sugar)
Oxygen is produced
during
photosynthesis
Dormancy

a behavior of plants in which they
stop growing or grow very slowly to
aid in plants survival.
SOL 4.5
Living
Systems

Adaptaions

Behavioral Adaptations

When an organism does
something to aid in its
survival, such as
migrating or hibernation
•Structural
Adaptations
•The characteristics
of a living thing’s
body that helps it
survive, such as
thorns on a cactus or
quills on a porcupine
Habitat

An organism’s
habitat
provides food,
water, shelter,
and space.
Niche

The role an organism plays in its community

My niche in our school is teacher, yours is
student!
SOL 4.6
•Weather
Temperature
• The measure of the amount of heat
energy in the air.
• A thermometer is used to measure
temperature.
Air pressure
• Is due to the weight
•
of the air.
A barometer is used
to measure air
pressure.
Anemometer
• Used to measure wind
speed.
Fronts
• Cold Front
– When a cold air mass
moves into the area
• Warm front
– When a warm air mass
moves into the area
Cumulus Clouds
• White, fluffy
• Fair weather
Cumulonimbus
• Tall, dark
• Stormy Weather
Cirrus
•
•
•
•
Wispy
Feathery
Hair-like
The highest clouds in
our atmosphere!
Stratus
• Lowest cloud
• Blanket-like
• Fog