Download Chapter 18 Section 5 Notes-End of the Cold War

End of the Cold War
Chapter 18 Section 5
Jimmy Carter
1977-1981
Ronald Reagan
1981-1989
Richard Nixon
1968-1972
George Herbe
Walker Bush
1989-1993
Soviet
Leaders
Leonid Brezhnev
1964-1982
Mikhail
Gorbachev 19851991
Boris Yelstin
1991-1999
Objectives
• Understand
how the Soviet
Union declined.
• Analyze
the changes that
transformed Eastern Europe.
• Explain
how communism
declined worldwide and the
United States became the sole
superpower.
Terms and People
•
mujahedin – Muslim religious
warriors in Afghanistan
•
Mikhail Gorbachev – a leader
in the Soviet Union who came to
power in 1985 and was eager to
bring about reforms
•
glasnost – a policy in the Soviet
Union of
greater openness
•
Terms and People (continued)
Lech Walesa – the leader of Polish
shipyard
workers who organized an independent
labor union that called for political and
economic changes;
later elected president of Poland
•
Solidarity – an independent labor union
in Poland
•
Václav Havel – a dissident writer and
human rights activist who was elected
president of Czechoslovakia in 1989
What were the causes and
effects of the end of the
Cold War?
The nearly half a century of Cold War
between the United States and the
Soviet Union came to an end in the
years around 1990.
The effects of its conclusion were many.
Eastern European nations gained
independence and the United States
emerged as the world’s sole superpower.
The Soviet Union began to
decline due to flaws in its
system.
• Collectivized
agriculture was not
productive enough, so Russia had to
import grain.
• Soviet
consumer goods were inferior to
those of Western market economies.
• There
was inefficiency, waste, and a huge
bureaucracy that chose to produce
unneeded goods.
Despite these problems, the Soviet
Union kept up its military
commitments and tried to match the
United States in the arms race.
•They sent tanks into Hungary in 1956
and Czechoslovakia in 1968 to prevent
these nations from ruling themselves.
•The production of all this military
hardware left few resources for
improving the day-to-day lives of the
Soviet people.
The Soviet
Union
became
embroiled in
a conflict in
Afghanistan
in 1979.
When the Sovietbacked Afghan
government enacted
land reforms and
redistribution, Afghan
landlords took up
arms against the
government.
The Soviets stepped in and had heavy
casualties against the American-supported
mujahedin. This was another blow to the
communist empire.
Mujahadin fighters that got rid
of the Soviet government in
Afghanistan
Afghanistan since 1996
• After the Mujahedin defeated the Soviets a group called
the Taliban (religious student) came to power after civil
war in Afghanistan.
• This was an extreme group who ruled Afghanistan with
an iron fist from 1996-2001.
• Enforced strict Islamic law and took away all rights of
women
• Used public executions and punishments
• Supported terrorist groups like Al Qaeda
• This government was toppled in 2001 by the US military
in response to 911
• The US military is still in Afghanistan fighting to make the
country stable and get rid of Taliban insurgents
Another Cold War Hot Spot-Iran
• U.S. feared Iranians would turn to the Soviets
for support during the 1950’s
• U.S. supported the Shah (leader) and helped
modernize the country
• Religious leaders hated the Shah and U.S.
support
COVERT ACTIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
• In 1951, the prime minister of Iran
nationalized the oil fields (took
them away from private
companies – mostly British – and
made them be owned by the
government)
• The U.S. began sending millions of
dollars to anti-government
supporters
• the U.S. orchestrated the return to
power of the pro-U.S. Shah of Iran
in 1953
– He returned control of oil fields
The last Shah
of Iran
Mohammad
Reza Pahlavi
Riots Erupt in Iran
•
•
•
•
Religious leaders hated the Shah and U.S. support
Riots erupted and the Shah left
Ayatollah Khomeini took over in 1979.
Khomeini enforced anti U.S. policies and strict
religious law in Iran
• Islamists seized the US embassy in Tehran and took
52 Americans hostage for over a year.
• The movie ARGO tells one part of the story with the
hostage crisis in 1979.
• This is the start of an uneasy relationship between
the US and Iran that still exists today.
Soviets and the US engaged in Cold
War conflicts world wide
• Both the Soviets and the US engaged in other
countries’ affairs to influence their systems of
government and ways of life
• Soviets-Afghanistan, China, Cuba, places in
Africa and others in Latin America
• US-China, Korea, Vietnam, Latin America, Iran,
Afghanistan and others
• The CIA began attempts to weaken or
overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S.
using covert (secret) actions in many places.
Soviet Union Weakens
• Engaged in too many places and conflicts
world wide
• The US continued to beef up its military
and it threatened the Soviets
• Example-President Reagan and his SDI
“Star Wars” missile defense program
• The Soviets could not financially afford to
compete with the US in militarism
• The citizens suffered tremendously and
lacked goods in the USSR.
Mikhail Gorbachev came to
power in the Soviet Union in
1985 and was determined
to bring about reforms.
• He
pulled the Soviets out of Afghanistan
and signed new arms control treaties.
• He
called for glasnost, or openness, and
perestroika, restructuring of the
government and economy.
• Gorbachev
also moved the Soviet Union
toward limited private enterprise.
These
reforms
led to
unrest
and
soaring
prices.
Eastern
European
nations
seized the
period of
unrest to
declare
their
independe
nc
Soviet hardliners staged a
failed coup.
Gorbachev
resigned and
the Soviet
Union broke
up into
12
independent
nations in
1991.
Eastern Bloc Countries
Since the 1950s, revolts against
the Soviet Union in Eastern
Europe had been common.
• Eastern bloc countries demanded
freedom and resented Russian rule.
• Hungary
slowly built a market economy in
the 1970s and introduced reforms in the
1980s.
• East
German leaders resisted change.
When Hungary opened its border with
Austria, thousands of East Germans fled
through Hungary and Austria to West
Germany.
•
•
As Soviet control lessened,
communist governments across
Eastern Europe fell.
Poland held free elections in 1989.
Lech Walesa was elected president.
The Berlin Wall came down in 1989.
Germany reunited the following year.
Communism began to decline
around the world.
• Some
communist regimes adopted
reforms. In China, compromises with
capitalism led to a huge economic boom.
There were no major political reforms.
• Vietnam
opened up to the world in the
1990s, while North Korea maintained
isolation.
• Cuba
declined without support from the
Soviets.
The United
States
emerged as
the world’s
sole
superpower,
but Americans
debated its
proper role in
the world.
• Some
Americans did
not want to be
“the world’s
policeman.”
• Others
thought
the country
should play an
even bigger
role in world
events.
Summary
• The Soviet Union could not keep control of all of their
satellite nations
• Lack of resources due to the arms race during the
cold war caused shortages amongst citizens
• Angry citizens = revolts that the Soviets ultimately
could not control
• Later Soviet leader introduced citizens to small
freedoms and it left the people only wanting more
• The Soviets lacked the money to continue to compete
with the US in an arms race
• The Soviet Union officially collapsed.
• Russia goes back to its traditional borders and 15
satellite nations gained independence.
• Communism failed
Classification Game
• Each team will be given 43 concepts relating
to the Cold War
• Determine whether each one belongs on the
SOVIET side or US side. 3 or 4 of them go
under the BOTH category
• Break up your team into groups of 2-3 and
give everyone 10-12 cards
• Then bring them all together under Soviet or
US
• Team with the most correct will win!!!!
End of the Year Project
• We will be studying regions in the world and
their current development since WWII.
• Pick a country/region from the list below:
1. Middle East-Iraq, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan
2. Latin America-Mexico, Central American
Country or South America
3. Africa-Nigeria, South Africa, Rwanda, Sudan
4. India
5. China
6. Southeast Asia-Cambodia, Malaysia, Philippines
End of the Year Project continued
• After you pick a country-read about that
country in the book
• Find a current issue/event and summarize it in
power point form
• Research 5 things about common culture in
your region/ country
• Research a dish or food that would be
common in your country and bring it in.