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SQL (CSCE 330) Team Members Bushira Kiyemba La’Trice Johnson Curtis Merriweather 1 SQL Origins Relational Model formally defined by Dr. E.F. Codd in 1970’s, reflects SQL’s conceptual core A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks 2 SQL Origins Designed by IBM research center in 1974-1975 System/R project, prototype of a relational database Originated as SEQUEL, structured English Query Language, hence the pronunciation of SQL 3 SQL Origins 1979, commercial relational database management system – Oracle, used SQL as its query language ANSI approved SQL as official standard in 1986, ISO standardized in 1987 4 Database Concepts A database is a software program which allows for storage and retrieval of information on a computer hard drive’s file system or other device. A relational database is a database that allows for queries which typically use Structured Query Language (SQL) to store and retrieve data. 5 Database Concepts Relational databases allow for more efficient queries which use less CPU power and memory allocation, as they are optimized for efficiency. However, connecting to a database is significantly slower than just reading a simple file off of your computer’s hard drive. The added features of a relational database make this speed decrease worthwhile in many situations. 6 Database Concepts One of the most popular databases used for dynamic web database applications is called mySQL. It is commonly installed on popular web hosting provider’s Unix and Linux servers. 7 Database Concepts Data in relational databases is stored in four primary areas: databases, tables, rows, and columns. A database is an area within the database software that contains all the tables that make up this particular set of data. 8 SQL Column Data Types Auto Increment ID Fields Varchar Char Integer Blob Bit 9 Additional SQL Commands Show - Describe - Insert - Show can be used to show all database tables in a particular database, or all databases in a particular server. Describe lets you see the structure of an existing database table Insert is how you input information into the database. Update - Update lets us update values inside an existing row inside a table. 10 Additional SQL Commands Delete - Delete lets us delete rows inside a table. Select - Does queries on the database to extract data from it. 11 Table Creation CREATE TABLE STATION (ID INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, CITY CHAR(20), STATE CHAR(2), LAT_N REAL, LONG_W REAL); 12 Table Population INSERT INTO STATION VALUES (13, 'Phoenix', 'AZ', 33, 112); INSERT INTO STATION VALUES (44, 'Denver', 'CO', 40, 105); INSERT INTO STATION VALUES (66, 'Caribou', 'ME', 47, 68); 13 Selection Statement SELECT * FROM STATION; ID CITY STATE LAT_N LONG_W 13 Phoenix AZ 33 112 44 Denver CO 40 105 66 Caribou ME 47 68 14 SQL and other Languages There are three main means for integrating SQL into a language: Direct Embedded support like Powerbuilder Indirect embedded support through a pre-processor Database API support Examples: SQL and Python SQL and Perl 15 Embedding SQL in Python SELECT name INTO :my_name FROM segments WHERE segment = :my_segment; 16 Embedding SQL in Perl <?PERL> my @data; <?SQL SQL="select name, address, from people where name like '%' || ? || '%'" PARAMS="$search_name" MY VAR="$n, $a, $p"> push @data, { name => $n, address => $a, phone => $p, }; <?/SQL> use Data::Dumper; print Dumper (\@data); <?/PERL> 17 Conclusion The Structured Query Language (SQL) forms the backbone of most modern database systems. It operates on sets of data rather than one data element at a time. With a single statement, you can get just exactly the answer you wanted from gigabytes of data in a millisecond. SQL is not particularly expressive and hence the need for procedural languages and other proprietary extensions 18 Sources http://www.itworld.com/nl/db_mgr/05142001/ http://networking.webopedia.com/TERM/S/SQL.html http://www.opengroup.org/public/tech/datam/sql.htm http://databases.about.com/cs/sql/?once=true& http://www.paragoncorporation.com/ArticleDetail.aspx?ArticleID=6 http://www.geocrawler.com/archives/3/184/2000/12/0/4789047 http://www.python.org/search/hypermail/python-recent/0551.html http://www.itl.nist.gov/div897/ctg/dm/sql_examples.html#create%20table http://www.expertwebinstalls.com/cgi_tutorial/basic_relational_database_concept.html http://developer.mimer.com/documentation/html_82/Mimer_SQL_Reference_Manual l 19