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Nouns and Pronouns Nouns • What is a noun? • Definition: a word or group of words used as the name of a class of people, places, or things, or of a specific person, place, or thing Singular Plural • Singular nouns name only one person, place, thing, or idea. • Plural nouns can name more than one of anything. • Plural nouns usually end in s. • Examples: • Examples: – – – – Wall Paint Infant Cat – Cats – Walls Some plural nouns are unusual. • Examples: – Men – Mice – Feet Common Nouns • What is a common noun? • The general name of any person, place, or thing. Proper Nouns • What is a proper noun? • The name of a particular person, place or thing. – Hint- They begin with a capital letter. – Examples: • Lincoln • Carrollton NOUNS Pronouns • Pronouns are words used in place of nouns. Types of pronouns • Personal pronouns – Used to refer to people - I, me, my, mine. – Example- John had a cold, so he stayed in bed. • Nominative pronouns are used as subjects of sentences and clauses – I, we, you, he, she, it, they – They stood in line to ride the roller coaster. Types of pronouns • Objective pronouns are used as objects. – Me, us, you, him, her, it, them – The crowd cheered loudly for them • Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership. – The baby threw his cereal on the floor. More types of pronouns • Demonstrative pronouns point out particular persons, places, or things. – This, that, these, and those. – Charlie planted this tree. This is Charlie’s tree. • Relative pronouns introduces a relative clause. – Relative clause is a group of words with a subject and a predicate that refers back to a noun or pronoun in the main part of the sentence. – The dog that won first place was a collie. PRONOUNS Antecedents • The word a pronoun replaces is called an antecedent. • The antecedent precedes the pronoun. – Leroy plays his banjo every evening. – The antecedent of the pronoun his is Leroy. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. I Me We Us Our yours he his him you she her them they theirs this those that who these Pronouns agreeing with their antecedents. • The word the pronoun replaces is called its antecedent. • The antecedent usually comes before the pronoun in the same sentence. • It can also be mentioned in a previous sentence. Usage VERBS You will find at least one verb or verb phrase in every sentence. Verb Phrases • Verb phrases are created with the use of a helping verb. has, have, can, would, should, must, might, may, did, does, will, & shall For dinner tonight we will eat pizza. In the book Peter Pan, children can fly. Simple Tenses of Verbs • Present: I hear a siren. The siren sounds close. • Past: It sounded far away a few minutes ago. • Future: It will sound louder very soon. Perfect Tenses of Verbs Present: • Emma has knitted since she was a child. (continuing) • I have received a handmade scarf from her. (complete) Past: • She had knitted many articles before she began high school. Future: • She will have knitted another sweater by the end of this year. Regular Verbs Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle finish finished (has) finished work worked (has) worked study studied (has) studied play played (has) played Irregular Verbs Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle sing sang (has) sung be was, were (has) been buy bought (has) bought have had (has) had cut cut (has) cut feed fed (has) fed Agreement of Subjects and Verbs • The verb in a sentence must agree with its subject in number. • A singular verb with a singular subject. – A bus driver faces many challenges. • A plural verb with a plural subject. – Bus drivers face many challenges. What is the correct verb? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Those shoes goes on sale next week. My cat am a Siamese. On Tuesday mornings I is at class. The city prune the trees in the park on request. The sun rise in the east. Several vines climbs up the porch wall. These questions is easy. Usually, I writes with my right hand. Scientists searches for the causes of illness. Do the movie end happily?