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I. Cnidaria D. Anthozoa • • • More species than Hydrozoa or Scyphozoa No medusa stage Polyps more complex than in other classes • • 1. Gut contains septa to add surface area for digestion of prey Passive suspension feeders and predators Solitary forms • 2. Anthopleura xanthogrammica Sea anemones – polyps may be very large Colonial forms a. b. c. d. e. Corals • Stony corals – branching and doming (massive) - Some build reefs in tropics • Soft corals Precious corals – Protein skeleton + spicules Gorgonians (sea whips, sea fans) – Tough protein skeleton Sea pens – No skeleton Sea pansies – No skeleton; some bioluminescent Branching Corals Doming Corals Soft Corals Precious Corals I. Cnidaria D. • • • • 2. Anthozoa • • Anthopleura xanthogrammica More species than Hydrozoa or Scyphozoa No medusa stage Polyps more complex than in other classes Gut contains septa to add surface area for digestion of prey Passive suspension feeders and predatorsolitary forms Sea anemones – polyps may be very large Colonial forms a. b. c. d. e. Corals • Stony corals – branching and doming (massive) - Some build reefs in tropics • Soft corals Precious corals – Protein skeleton + spicules Gorgonians (sea whips, sea fans) – Tough protein skeleton Sea pens – No skeleton Sea pansies – No skeleton; some bioluminescent Gorgonians (Sea Whips) Gorgonians (Sea Fans) I. Cnidaria D. Anthozoa • • • More species than Hydrozoa or Scyphozoa No medusa stage Polyps more complex than in other classes • • 1. Gut contains septa to add surface area for digestion of prey Passive suspension feeders and predators Solitary forms • 2. Anthopleura xanthogrammica Sea anemones – polyps may be very large Colonial forms a. b. c. d. e. Corals • Stony corals – branching and doming (massive) - Some build reefs in tropics • Soft corals Precious corals – Protein skeleton + spicules Gorgonians (sea whips, sea fans) – Tough protein skeleton Sea pens – No skeleton Sea pansies – No skeleton; some bioluminescent Sea Pens I. Cnidaria D. Anthozoa • • • More species than Hydrozoa or Scyphozoa No medusa stage Polyps more complex than in other classes • • 1. Gut contains septa to add surface area for digestion of prey Passive suspension feeders and predators Solitary forms • 2. Anthopleura xanthogrammica Sea anemones – polyps may be very large Colonial forms a. b. c. d. e. Corals • Stony corals – branching and doming (massive) - Some build reefs in tropics • Soft corals Precious corals – Protein skeleton + spicules Gorgonians (sea whips, sea fans) – Tough protein skeleton Sea pens – No skeleton Sea pansies – No skeleton; some bioluminescent Sea Pansies I. Cnidaria E. Cubozoa • • • • • Sea wasps, Box jellyfish Small medusae Life cycles poorly known; include polyp stage Highly toxic Eat fishes, worms, arthropods II. Ctenophora • • • • Comb jellies Exclusively marine (100 species) Radial symmetry Eight rows of ciliary combs • • Used for swimming video Carnivorous • • • Lack nematocysts Capture prey with sticky colloblasts May occur in swarms • • Heavy predators on plankton, including fish larvae Body forms • • Tentaculate – Planktivores Lobate - Ctenophorivores II. Ctenophora • • • • Comb jellies Exclusively marine (100 species) Radial symmetry Eight rows of ciliary combs • • Used for swimming Carnivorous • • • Lack nematocysts Capture prey with sticky colloblasts May occur in swarms • • Heavy predators on plankton, including fish larvae Body forms • • Tentaculate – Planktivores Lobate - Ctenophorivores Pleurobrachia Tentaculate Beroe Lobate III. Worms • Body shape very common in invertebrates • • • • Especially in mobile invertebrates Flexibility Maneuverability Bilateral Symmetry** • Cephalization • • • • “Head” end with • Accumulation of nerve tissue (“brain”) • Sensory structures Anterior – Posterior Dorsal - Ventral Left - Right Fig. 7.12 IV. Platyhelminthes • • Flatworms - Dorsoventrally flattened Simplest bilaterally symmetrical organisms • • First organs and organ systems** Central nervous system • • Simple “brain” coordinates muscle movements Incomplete digestive system • • • Mouth but no anus Similar to Cnidaria and Ctenophora Mesoderm** • • Cell layer between endoderm and ectoderm Gives rise to muscles, reproductive system IV. Platyhelminthes A. Turbellaria • • • Mostly free-living carnivorous species Most commonly seen (Why?) Some live as commensal animals inside other invertebrates (oysters, crabs, etc.) IV. Platyhelminthes B. Trematoda (Flukes) • Most species (6000) • • Complex life cycles • • • C. Parasitic – Feed on tissues, blood, gut contents Adults live in vertebrate host (fish, whale, bird) Larvae may inhabit invertebrates (intermediate hosts) Vertebrate eats intermediate host (clam, snail, etc.) Cestoda (Tapeworms) • • Parasitic Live in vertebrate intestines • • • Head attaches to intestine wall with suckers or hooks Gutless – absorb nutrients through body wall May reach 50 feet!! (sperm whales) V. Nemertea • • Ribbon worms Cosmopolitan • • Complete digestive tract** • • • Mouth and anus Circulatory system** Use long, fleshy proboscis to capture prey • • • Most common in shallow, temperate regions Feed on crustaceans and worms May be cryptic or conspicuous Can reach 30 m in length!!