Download Era of Good Feelings

Presidential Election of 1812
War breaks out
again between the
United States and
Britain in 1812.
War Hawks
John C. Calhoun
South Carolina
Henry Clay
Kentucky
New members of Congress, John
C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want
war why Great Britain….Why?
•U.S. must defend its neutrality
•Stop impressment
•British forts
•Tecumseh
•Desire for Canada and Florida
•Called 2nd War of Independence
madwar
PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT
•Defend our neutrality
•Freedom of the seas
•Defend our self interest
Madison brought the US into
this war to defend the neutrality
of the US.
Would this be a violation of
President Washington’s policy of
President James Madison
keeping the US out of war and
neutral?
“Mr. Madison’s War”
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Why Britain, not France?
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Impressment: destroying US economy

British forts

Arming of Indians (Tecumseh)

Desire for Canada

No respect from British
Was convinced by the War Hawks that this
was a needed war.
“Mr. Madison’s War”

June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war
with England.
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Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London
repealed impressment policy 2 days prior to war
New England opposed to war but Southern/western
states supported the war
US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided
Poorly equipped US army initiated military action in
1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada
The British easily repulsed the Americans
Map war1812
•US unprepared for
war.
•Failed invasion into
Canada.
•Blockade hurt US
economy…
The Battle of Thames
River, Oct. 5, 1813

US military victory led by General William H. Harrison

Tecumseh was killed during this battle
Naval Battles

The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most
important naval battle of the war
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After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard
Perry declared, “We have met the enemy and they
are ours”
Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on
Lake Champlain which resulted in a British
retreat
US Naval tradition develops during the War of
1812
highlights
Washington, D.C. burned by
British, 25th of August 1814
Dolly Madison escaped
from White House and
took many pieces of
art, furniture from the
White House before the
British destroyed it.
highlights
U.S. Flag which flew
over Fort McHenry to
inspire Francis Scott
Key to write the Star
Spangled Banner.
September 13th, 1814
Battle of Fort McHenry,
1814
New orleans
•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi
River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.
•7,000 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were
defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of
Ghent was negotiated to end the war.
New orleans
•Considered greatest
U.S. victory to that
time
•Defeated British’s
best without help
from any country
•Countries gained
respect for the U.S.
after this battle.
•Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the
control of the U.S.
The Treaty of Ghent

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War of 1812 is considered a
“stalemate”…Dec. 1814
Peace commissioners in Ghent
devised the following terms of
peace
 A halt to the fighting
 The return of all conquered
territory to the prewar borders
 Recognition of the prewar
boundary between Canada and
the United States
Treaty was ratified by the Senate
Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances
& find solutions to their problems:
•U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong
enemy
•Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade
was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade
around the Atlantic coastline of US
•New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the
war
•Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England
Resolutions adopted by the convention resemble
a modern day political platform:
•Constitutional amendments lessening the powers of
Congress
•restoring Federalist influence by a minority veto
•2/3’s vote before an embargo, new western states could
be admitted and war could be declared.
The War’s Legacy
U.S. gained the respect of other nations
 U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a
part of the British Empire
 The Federalist party came to an end as a national
force
 Talk of nullification and secession in New England
set a precedent that would later be used by the
South
 Gained our neutrality and became isolated from
Europe
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The War’s Legacy

Native Americans in the West were forced to
surrender large areas of land and move west.
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War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and William
Henry Harrison would eventually become
Presidents.
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More U.S. factories were built
Growth of American nationalism
Enter a time period in our history called the “Era of
Good Feelings”
 Spirit of Nationalism in US
 patriotism or national oneness
 Country is united, confident, and growing
 1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13.
 One political party---Republican party
 Respect from Europe
 Monroe first president to visit all states since
Washington.
 Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good
Feelings” had begun.
 But, time period was not free of problems.
 Cultural Nationalism
Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American
society from books and paintings of Revolutionary
heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that
promoted patriotism
 Economic Nationalism
Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a
political movement to support the growth of the
nation’s economy--------AMERICAN SYSTEM
 Political Nationalism
Movement to bring about the support for national
government is over the states. Supreme court
decisions support the concept of national government
over the states.
Henry Clay’s
American System
 Provide economic growth
 Americans buying American
goods
 American self-sufficiency.
 Protective Tariff to promote infant
industry
 Tariff of 1816
 2nd BUS to promote a stronger
economy
 Rechartered in 1816
 Congress’s attempt to unite the US
 National transportation system of
roads, canals, steamships and
rivers.
 National Transportation system
 Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal
improvements to unite the US
 the first steamboat on western waters was in
1811.
 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first
forms of transportation
 1850 to 1860 the railroad is added
 The Land Act of 1820
 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer
to purchase 80 acres of land at a minimum of
$1.25 an acre in cash;
 the West demanded transportation.
Map roads/canals
•Help unite the
country as well
as improve the
economy and
the infant
industry….
•Because of the
British
blockade
during the War
of 1812, it was
essential for
internal
transportation
improvements.
 Population shift from the east to the West
 Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands
 Land easy to obtain
 Economic pressures
 Improved transportation
 Immigration
New Questions and Issues
 Greatest importance to western states
were:
 “Cheap money” (easy credit) from state banks
rather than from the Bank of the United States
 Land made available at low prices by the
government
 Improved transportation
 Westerners could not agree whether to
permit slavery or exclude it
The Panic of 1819
 Largely the fault of the Second Bank of
the United States’ tightening of credit in
an effort to control inflation
Many state banks closed
The value of money fell
There were large increases in unemployment,
bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt
 Depression was most severe in the West
 The economic crisis changed many
Western voters’ political outlook
City growth
Westward expansion
Growth of cities and states by
1850
• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
– Limits naval presence on Great Lakes for U.S.
and Great Britain
• Anglo-American Convention (1818)
• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years
• the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana
Territory at the 49th parallel
• Florida Becomes Part of US
– After War of 1812, Spain had
difficulty governing Florida
– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves,
and white outlaws conducted raids
into U.S. territory and retreated to
safety across the Florida border
•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew
Jackson to stop the raiders
–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole
villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs
–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish
governor
• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
–Spain turned over
• western Florida along with all to the east
• Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.
–US agreed
• to pay $5 million to Spain
• to give up any territorial claims to Texas
49th Parallel
Rush-Bagot Treaty and
Anglo-American
Convention
1817-1818
Adams-Onisof
Treaty
of
with Great
Britain
1819
with Spain
Texas
monroe doctrine
•In foreign affairs Monroe
proclaimed the fundamental
policy that bears his name,
Monroe Doctrine.
•Monroe was responding to the
threat that Europe might try to
aid Spain in winning back her
former Latin American
colonies.
•Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western
Hemisphere.
•Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed reconquest of Latin America and suggested that the United
States join in proclaiming "hands off."
monroe doctrine
•Adams advised, "It would be
more candid ... to avow our
principles explicitly to Russia
and France, than to come in
as a cock-boat in the wake of
the British man-of-war."
•Monroe accepted Adams's
advice.
•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but
also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific
coast. ". . . the American continents,"
•He stated, "by the free and independent condition which
they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by any
European Power."
• Referred to as America’s Self
Defense Doctrine.
• It is a continuation of President
Washington’s neutrality and
isolationist policies.
• Past problems with Europe led
the US to declare the Americas
off-limits to Europe
US recognized
existing
European
Colonies
US will stay out
of European
affairs
Monroe
Doctrine
US protector of new
democracies in the
Western Hemisphere
No European
Colonization in the
Americas
U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with
each trying to promote their self-interest.
NORTHEAST
SOUTH
•Cotton-growing
•Business and
John C. Calhoun
Manufacturing
Daniel Webster
_______________
_______________
•Opposed tariffs
•Wanted Tariffs
Role of
and government
Government •Backed internal
spending on
improvements
American System
End to cheap public
•Increasingly
land
supportive of
states’ rights
•Increasingly
nationalistic
•Pro-slavery and
•Against Slavery and opposed any steps
of the U.S. Govt. to
believed the U.S.
Govt. must abolish it. try and abolish it.
Economy
Leader
____________
WEST
•Frontier agriculture
Henry Clay
______________
•Supported internal
improvements and
American System.
•Wanted cheap land
•Loyal to the U.S.
Govt.
•Against slavery but
some supported
letting the people
decide the slavery
issue
In 1819, Missouri, first part of the
Louisiana Purchase to apply for
statehood
– Threatened balance of power in Congress
• 11 free states
• 11 slave states
– The Tallmadge amendment
• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into
Missouri
• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became
a state would be freed at the age of 25.
• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.
• The North controlled the House, and the South had
enough power to block it in the Senate.
After months of heated
debate in Congress,
Henry Clay won majority
support for 3 bills that
represented a
compromise
– Missouri was to be admitted as a
slaveholding state
– Maine was to be admitted as a free state
– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north
of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited