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Revenue Scenario under Customs Administration of Nepal (2064/65 to 2070/71) PREFACE It is my pleasure to publish the booklet on Revenue Scenario under Customs Administration of Nepal. This booklet is primarily designed for official use to know the trends of revenue collection and to support to set the target for revenue collection. It is important to know the direction and speed of tax collection process. The trend lines show the direction, speed and patterns of tax collection. Trend lines indicate the weak and strong position of customs offices in the process of collection of revenue. Such types of analysis and uses of information are the continuous process. We use our experiences to improve the efficiency of the tax administration; however, we are far behind to assess our data and use of information for our purpose. This assessment links the past, present and future of revenue collection process and provides the support to improve the revenue collection administration process. The study took only six years data to assess the revenue scenario under customs administration system. Such assessment process will be continued using longer time series data. Categorization, grouping and sub-grouping of revenue collection were made for our purpose. Grouping and sub-grouping of the revenue collection for other purpose might be different. Therefore, it should be careful to use these data. I would like to thank Dr Shiva Raj Adhikari who provided support to assess this study. My appreciation also goes to the staff who managed the data carefully and provided directly and indirectly support to complete this assessment. Information is being made available in this booklet purely as a measure of public facilitation. The provisions of the Export and Import (control) Act 2013 (updated), rules made thereunder, notifications and circulars or instructions of the customs offices shall prevail over the answers provided in this booklet in case of any contradiction. Surya Prasad Acharya Director General Department Customs 1 Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 3 2. Literature review ......................................................................................................... 3 3. Objective and Methodology ........................................................................................ 5 4. An analysis of Tax Effort ............................................................................................ 6 5. Assessment of Export Duty and Import Duty ............................................................. 7 6. Assessment of VAT .................................................................................................. 10 7. Assessment of Excise duty ........................................................................................ 12 8. Comparison of trend lines among the different Revenues ........................................ 13 9. Assessment of Taxes by custom points ..................................................................... 17 10. Conclusions ........................................................................................................... 21 References ........................................................................................................................ 21 Appendix: Trend lines of Revenue by Customs Points .................................................... 23 2 1. Introduction Tax analysis and forecasting of revenues are of critical importance to governments inensuring stability in tax and expenditure policies. To augment timely and effectiveanalysis of the revenue aspects of the fiscal policy, governments have increasinglyturned toward in-house tax policy units rather than relying on tax experts from outside. These tax policy units have been increasingly called upon to analyze the impact of taxpolicies on the economy and to estimate the revenue implications of revenue measures, withthe ultimate objective of ensuring a healthy fiscal situation within the economy. Tax policy units also help ensure that tax systems are efficient, fair, and simple tounderstand and comply with. Such systems help to create an economic environmentthat is conducive to greater social justice. The work is undertaken for the assessment of the tax that has been collected from the custom points only under several headings during twelve months ranging from the fiscal year 2064/65 to 2070/71. This study has been made to have more penetration in the revenue scenario of the nation. In a nation, there are several custom points in order to collect tax from different foreign transaction. So, in this study, firstly, the condition of tax accumulation made in different customs points in the border of the nation is analyzed. Secondly the contribution of tax collected from export and import trade over total custom tax and the contribution of VAT and excise duty over total tax layered in the treasury of the nation is analysed. 2. Literature review In the context of literature,Pessino and Fenochietto (2010)had made a comprehensive analysis through the analysis of tax effort and tax capacity of 96 countries considering main variables from which they depend. They used the stochastic frontier tax analysis to determine the tax effort of 96 countries.They found that relation between tax revenue as a percent of GDP and level of development, trade and education was positive and significant. Most of European countries have a very high level of tax revenue as a 3 percent of GDP and they are near their tax capacity. Also, they revealed that high level of their social security contribution is a factor explaining their closeness to tax capacity. Similarly,Sindhuet. al. (2010) had presented a comprehensive analysissolely of Pakistani economy, as one of the world’s lowest tax to GDP ratio since a long time. Despite the adoption of best practices of the world, Pakistani economy was suffering from structural weakness which was responsible for such low tax to GDP ratio, was one of their noble findings. They analyzed various causes which had led to low tax to GDP ratio like demography, literacy, narrow tax base, tax policy, undocumented economy, weak audit and enforcement, corruption, tax exemptions, sectoral discrepancy in tax collection in Pakistani economy. So that it is vital to place greater emphasis on administrative invention and policy reform in order to identify and remove the loopholes in the revenue generation process. The work of Ilabey and Mgbane (2012)had made the use of endogenous framework to make the analysis of the dynamics of indirect tax-economic growth taking Nigeria as the sample country representing developing countries. This investigation is anchored on the endogenous framework which advanced a dynamic steady growth rate. This model states that taxes and government spending can have consistent effect on output at both short run and the long run.They found that indirect tax was found to have a negative and insignificant relationship with real economic growth rate in Nigeria. In the context of Nepalese literatures, Shresthta had made the assessment of Nepalese tax system. He made the analysis considering the sample years from 1974/75 to 1997/98.The fact findings in this study were tax system of Nepal had reflected the overall dependency on indirect tax. Custom duty consisted of major source, hence, the revenue policy amounts virtually to import based. The distributions of incidence of indirect tax had been found regressive. Buoyancy of components indirect taxes such as customs and sales tax is found greater than unity while that of excise duty is less than unity. Sales tax in terms of GDP is found more buoyant. Also, Jenkins and Khadka (2000)had made assessment of existing policies and reforms regarding domestic indirect tax system in Nepal.The reform process was found very fundamental in nature. They found that Nepal had faced many issues designed of the 4 indirect tax and its administration is common to other poor developing countries. They suggested that both tax policies and the tax administration had to be reengineered. Furthermore, the work of Timisina(2007) had undertaken the analysis for the period ranging from 1975 to 2005 to ascertain the tax performance of Nepal. The study measured tax elasticity and buoyancy estimates to analysis tax performance. The study was accomplished using time series regression approach. The study revealed that tax system in Nepal is inelastic (i.e. less than unity) in the sample years undertaken with buoyancy coefficients more than unity. It indicated that huge pile of revenue emanated from discretionary changes in the tax policy rather than automatic changes. Adhikari (2011) assessed the distributional characteristics of Nepalese tax system in relation to ability to payby utilizing the Nepal Living Standard Survey (NLSS) data of 1995/96 and 2003/04. The Concentration and Kakwani indices wereused to measure the tax incidence. Indicessuggested that direct taxes were consistently progressive. The progressiveness was stronger in NLSS 2003/04 than NLSS 1995/96. The economic burden of indirect taxes was not concentrated on the better off as the paper found in direct taxes. Indirect taxes appeared almost proportional; however, after introducing VAT, it seemed regressive although poor rural households in Nepal consumed local or home products that were not subject to taxation. The results suggested that indirect taxes were also responsible to increase the income inequality in the county. These analyses are useful for tax policy; however, there is a gap in the literature to understand the trends of tax structure from the managerial prospective. The government has set its own target to collect the tax. For this purpose, how we can achieve the given target is extremely important for tax policy implementing officers. Therefore, this study tries to fulfill the gap mentioned above. The comprehensive and rigorous analysis of tax structure and trends require time series data; however, data were not sufficiently available for this study. This study, therefore, provides only indicative results for last six years. 3. Objective and Methodology The objective of this study is to provide general trend of major revenue components namely export duty, import duty, value added tax (VAT) and excise duty collected from 5 Department customs of Nepal. Collections of revenue through customs points are the major sources of data for this analysis. The study is basically based on the secondary data provided by Department of Customs, and Economic Survey,Ministry of Finance. Trend lines and tables were used to show the tax scenario for last six fiscal years. Data were readily available for last six fiscal years in the department of customs; therefore, a six year period was chosen for this study. Trend lines by months and years of each tax component are shown in this assessment. Trend lines by customs points are also provided that will help to set target of tax collection and to improve the tax administration. Tax effort ratio that is the relationship between tax revenue and GDP is also provided to give the nation national picture. It shows the amount of GDP collected on the form of revenue. It shows the burden of tax for the country as well. 4. An analysis of Tax Effort The result suggested that tax revenue and GDP ratio was around 15 % for 2069/70, however, an average ratio was around 13 percent for last six years. The data exhibited that the growth rate of revenue in percentage point was highly fluctuated. The tax revenue has been increased by 33.3 per cent in FY 2065/66. The lowest growth rate was 11.4 percent in 2067/68. Table 1: Ratio of Tax and Non tax revenue with GDP Year 2064/65 2065/66 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69 2069/70 Tax revenue -GDP Ratio 10.4 11.8 13.4 13.0 13.9 15.3 Non Tax revenue – GDP ratio 2.8 2.7 1.5 1.5 2.1 2.2 Sources: Economic Survey 2014 6 Revenue percentage change 22.7 33.3 27.2 11.4 23.2 21.1 5. Assessment of Export Duty and Import Duty The results as depicted in figure 1 suggested that trend lines of export duty have slightly increasing trend from begging of the fiscal year to end of the fiscal year. However, trend lines of import duty for most of the fiscal years have almost similar trends. Surprisingly, in the end of the fiscal year, it was increased for the study period. There is an increasing trend in total export duty collected from customs point over the fiscal years. A linear line shows positive slope. A liner line of import duty shows the positive slope; however, slope of the liner line of import duty is extremely higher than the slope of linear line of export duty. The line of export duty is highly fluctuated with indicating risky of setting the target for future years. Figure 1: Export duty by months and fiscal years NRs '000 Export Duty by Months and Fiscal Years 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 2064/65 2065/066 2066/067 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Source: Department of Customs 7 2067/068 Figure 2: Trend of total export Revenue by fiscal years Export Duty by Fiscal Years 1200000 1000000 Nrs '000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 2064/65 2065/066 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Source: Department of Customs Figure 3: Import Revenue by monthsand fiscal years NRs '000 Import Duty by Months and Fiscal Years 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Source: Department of Customs 8 2067/068 Figure 4: Trend line of total import Revenue by fiscal years Import Duty by Fiscal Years 70000000 60000000 NRs '000 50000000 40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Source: Department of Customs Figure 5: Trend line of Revenue and imported goods by fiscal years Trends of Imported Goods, Import Revenue and VAT 30000 RS Crore 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69 2069/70 FY Imported Goods Import Tax Sources: Economic Survey 2014 9 VAT As exhibited in figure 3; the trend lines of import duty by month have similar patterns. If import duty was decreased for a month, it would be increased for next month. Surprising, the trend lines of import duty by month were shifted in each year with indicating increasing trend of collection of import duty. This is supported by the figure 4. Import dutyhas been increasing over the years. It doesn’t mean that the rate of import has been increased. Indeed, imported goods have an increasing trend over the years; however, in recent years, percentage change in Import revenue (32%) is higher than percentage change in import (11%). It indicates that efficiency of tax collection is improved.In recent years, point of trend lines is higher than the point of linear line. The percentage change in VAT in current year is higher than the percentage change in previous fiscal years. 6. Assessment of VAT Trend lines of VAT by months were found almost constant over the years; however, in the last year,it was found an increasing trend from the begging of the fiscal year to end of the fiscal year (figure 6).The trend lines of VAT by months are upward shifted in each fiscal year. It indicates that intercept (amount of VAT collection) has been shifted using monthly data; however, slope of trend lines are almost constant. It means amount of VAT collection is increasing over the fiscal years but amount of VAT by months is almost similar throughout the fiscal year. Figure 7exhibited that there is an increasing trend of collection VAT during the study period. A linear line was drawn to compare the trend line of VAT. It indicates that the efficiency of VAT has improved in recent years. 10 Figure 6: Trend line of VAT by months and fiscal years NRs in 000 VAT Collected from Customs offices by months and Fiscal years 8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 2067/068 Source: Department of Customs Figure 7: Trend line of VAT by fiscal years Total VAT Collected from Customs offices 80000000 70000000 60000000 50000000 40000000 y = 8,222,245.07x + 13,077,293.14 30000000 20000000 10000000 0 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Source: Department of Customs 11 7. Assessment of Excise duty An assessment of monthly data of excise duty doesn’t indicate the clear picture (figure 8). It was found highly fluctuated trend of collection of excise duty by months.The fluctuated trends suggested managerial risk to meet the given target of excise duty. Amount of excise duty over the fiscal years is increasing as indicated by the shift of the monthly trend lines; however, a trend of increasing excise duty by fiscal year doesn’t show linearity. There was an increasing trend for three fiscal years (2064/65 to 2066/67); then there was a constant trend for two years. In recent years, there is an increasing trend of collection of excise duty (figure 9). Figure 8: Trend line of excise duty by months and fiscal years Excise Duty By Months and Fiscal Years 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Source: Department of Customs 12 2067/068 Figure 9: Trend line of excise duty by fiscal years Excise Duty by Fiscal Years 20000000 18000000 16000000 14000000 12000000 10000000 8000000 6000000 4000000 2000000 0 2064/065 2065/066 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Source: Department of Customs 8. Comparison of trend lines among the different Revenues The figure 10 indicates thatthere is an increasing trend of total revenue collection under customs department. In recent years, revenue collection administration at the department of customs improved its efficiency to collect the revenue. The data exhibited that the curves of Import revenue and VAT have almost similar slopes (figure 11). It seems that they are directly connected somewhere in the tax collection mechanism; however, nature taxes are different. VAT is a leading contributor among the given taxes to the total revenue collected under customs department. It is followed by import duty. Excise duty has a fluctuating trend over the fiscal years. The export revenue is a lowest contributor to the tax revenue of the country. Recent years, export revenue has a decreasing tend. 13 Figure 10: Trend lines of different taxes by fiscal years NRs '000 Total Revenue Collected under Customs Administration 180000000 160000000 140000000 120000000 100000000 80000000 60000000 40000000 20000000 0 Source: Department of Customs Figure 11: Trend lines of different taxes by fiscal years Trends of Taxes 80000000 70000000 NRs '000 60000000 50000000 40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0 2064/65 2065/066 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Export Duty by FY Import Duty by FY VAT Collected from customs office Total Excise Duty Source: Department of Customs 14 The ratio of export and import duty varies from less than one to 3 percent in the given study period (figure 12). In recent years, this ratio is less than one percent although the ratio of export of goods and import of goods is found almost 15 percent. It means that the government encourages to exporting the Nepalese products to the foreign market. Many of exportable goods have zero export duty to promote the export of the commodity. Figure 12: Ratio of Export duty and Import duty Ratio of Export Duty and Import Duty 3.50% 3.21% 3.00% 3.10% 2.83% 2.50% 1.87% 2.00% 1.65% 1.50% 0.96% 1.00% 0.86% 0.50% 0.00% 2064/65 2065/066 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Source: Department of Customs Import duty and VAT are major contributors to tax revenue under customs department. The ratio of import duty and VAT is found almost 80 percent. It means contribution of Import duty to the tax revenue is 20 percent lower than the contribution of VAT. In recent years, the ratio is increasing. It indicates the contribution of VAT is increasing with compare to contribution of import duty. 15 Figure 13: Ratio of Import duty and VAT by fiscal years Ratio of Import Duty and VAT 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 79% 82% 80% 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 75% 69% 2064/65 2065/066 87% 87% 2069/070 2070/071 Source: Department of Customs VAT contributed almost 50 percent of total revenue under customs department. Import duty shared almost 40 percent of total revenue collected through customs administration. The excise duty contributes by 10 percent; however, contribution of export revenue is less than one percent to the total revenue under customs administration. Figure 14: Share of revenue Shares of total taxes 100.0% 6.7% 9.5% 13.3% 11.9% 10.3% 11.1% 11.5% 54.5% 51.1% 47.9% 48.3% 49.5% 47.4% 47.0% 37.8% 38.2% 37.7% 39.4% 39.5% 41.1% 40.8% 1.2% 2065/066 1.2% 2066/067 0.4% 2067/068 0.7% 2068/069 0.4% 2069/070 0.7% 2070/071 90.0% 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 1.1% 0.0% 2064/65 Export Duty by FY Import Duty by FY VAT Collected from customs office Total Excise Duty Source: Department of Customs 16 9. Assessment of Taxes by custom points The trend lines of revenue collected from all custom points are constructed. The reveue collected at all these points are analysed from the beginning of the fiscal year (Shrawan) of 2065/66 to Asad of 2070/71. This analysis revealed that some of the customs points such as, Bhairahawa, Dry port, Birgunj, Biratnagar, Tatopani and TIA are bigger in terms of amount of collection of revenue. On other hand, the custom points like Rasuwa, Koilabaas, Pashupatinagar contribute less in the collection of tax reveune. In most of the custom points, it is seen that the collection of tax is heavy either during festival period (i.e. from Bhadra to Kartik) or during the end of the fiscal year (Baisakh to Asad). Birgunj, Biratnagar, TIA, Dryport, Tatopani and Bhairahawa are some of the major contributor to the total tax collection in the system (figure 15). The results exhibited almost constant trend in collection of taxes throughout the months in these customs point including Kanchanpur. It means that it will be easy to predict the amount of taxes collected from these points. The results suggested that major custom points in terms of amount of collecting taxes have almost constant trend in collection taxes. Almost all these customs points exceptTatopani collected relatively higher amount of taxes in the end of the fiscal years (figure 15). There are some customs points that collected taxes more in end of the fiscal years compared to starting of the fiscal years. These customs points have medium types of contribution to the tax revenue. The data from these customs points revealed increasing trend lines from Srawan to Ashad. It can easily be prdicted the collection of taxes from these points (figure 16). Some of the customs points such as Rajbiraj, Gaur, Rasuwa, Siraha, Sunsari among others that contributed relatively less amount of tax collection have fluctuating trend lines. It is difficult to predict the amount of tax collection from these points (figure 17). 17 Figure 15: Almost constant tend over the month in Revenue collection Source: Department of Customs 18 Figure 16: Tentative increasing trend over the month in revenue collection Source: Department of Customs 19 Figure 17: Fluctuating trend over the month in tax collection Source: Department of Customs 20 10. Conclusions Import duty and VAT are major contributors to tax revenue collected from customs administration. VAT contributed to almost 50 percent share of total taxes whale import duty contributed almost 40 percent. Both Import duty and VAT have increasing trends over the fiscal years; however, there are constant trends by months throughout the year. However, excise duty has a fluctuating trend line over the fiscal year and the months. Export duty has a decreasing trend over the years. It contributed less than one percent to the total tax revenue collected under customs administration. The analysis of trend lines by customs points shows that major customs points in terms of higher amount of collection of revenuehave almost constant trends by months throughout the year; however, relatively small customs points have fluctuating trends. References Adhikari SR (2011) Tax Incidence in Nepal: An Analysis Using Household Data The Nepalese Journal of Public Finance and Development Year 32 Vol 2 NovDecember 2011 Heady, C., Johansson. A., Arnold, J., Brys, B. &Vartia, L.(2009). Tax Plicy for Economic Recovery and Growth Ilaboya, O.J., &Mgbame, C.O. (2012).Indirect Tax and Economic Growth. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,3(11) Jenkins, G.P. &Khadka, R. (2000). Reform of Domestic Indirect Tax in Low Income Countries: The Case of Nepal.Consulting Assistance on Economic Reform IIDiscussion Papershttp://www.frpii.org/english/Portals/0/Library/Tax%20Policy/Reform%20 of%20Domestic%20Indirect%20Tax.pdf) Myles, G.D.(2000).Taxation and Economic Growth. Fiscal Studies,21(1),141-168 Pessino, C. &Fenochietto, R.(2010). Determing Countries’ Tax Effort.Revista de Econonica Publica,195,65-87 MOF (2014) Economic Survey 2013/2014 Ministry of Finance Government of Nepal, Kathmandu Nepal 21 Romer, D.C. &Romer, D.H.(2010).The Macro Economic Effects of Tax Changes: Estimates Based on a New Measure of Fiscal Shocks. American Economic Review,100,763-801 Shrestha, P. (200) Some Aspects of Indirect Taxes in Nepal, Economic Review-Nepal vol 12 Nepal Rastra Bank Sindhu, S.R., Shah, F.H., Khan, N.A., Jatt, A.M., Fazlani, S. &Memon, A. (2010) Tax to GDP: Measuring for Improvement.Syndicate Research Paper-Directorate of Training and Research (Inland Revenue Service). Timsina,N. (2007) Tax Elasticity and Buoyancy in Nepal: A Revisit NRB Economic Review Vol. 12 2007, Nepal Rastha Bank, Kathmandu, Nepal (http://www.nrb.org.np/ecorev/pdffiles/vol19_art2.pdf) Watrin, W., &Ullmann, R. Comparing Direct and Indirect taxation: The Influence of Framing on Tax Compliance. The Economic Journal of Comparative Economic,5(1), 33-56 22 Appendix: Trend lines of Revenue by Customs Points Krishnagar Customs 160000 values in thousands 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Nepalgunj Custsoms 400000 350000 Values in thousands 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 23 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Kailali customs 180000 160000 Values in thousands 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 2069/070 2070/071 Sarlahi Customs 25000 Values in thousands 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 24 2068/069 Jaleshwor Customs 80000 70000 values in Thousands 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Jaleshwor Customs 80000 70000 values in Thousands 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 25 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Mechi customs 600000 Values in Thousands 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 2069/070 2070/071 Siraha Customs 25000 Values in Thousands 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 26 2068/069 Rajapur customs 3000 values in thousands 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 2069/070 2070/071 Mahakali customs 1200 1000 800 value in thousands 600 400 200 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 27 2068/069 Pashupatinagar customs 4500 values in thousands 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 2069/070 2070/071 Rasuwa Customs 40000 Values in thousands 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 28 2068/069 Koilabass 1400 Values in thousands 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Sunsari Customs 20000 18000 values in Thousands 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 29 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Rajbiraj Customs 18000 Values in Thousand 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Gaur Customs 14000 12000 values in thousands 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 30 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 kanchanpur customs values in Thousands 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 Biratnagar customs 1600000 values in thousands 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 2069/070 2065/66 2066/067 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 31 2067/068 2070/071 Bhairahawa customs 3000000 values in thousands 2500000 2000000 1500000 1000000 500000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 2069/070 2070/071 Birgunj customs 9000000 values in thousands 8000000 7000000 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 32 2068/069 values in thousands TIA customs 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 values in thousands Dry port customs 2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1000000 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 33 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 Tatopani Customs 700000 values in thousands 600000 500000 400000 300000 200000 100000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 2068/069 2069/070 2070/071 2069/070 2070/071 Janakpur customs 80000 70000 60000 50000 values in Thousands 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 2065/66 2066/067 2067/068 34 2068/069