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Homework Bell Ringer The Indian Empire called the Gupta invented what type of math which is represented by this image? Classical India “Age of Empires” Mauryan Gupta Pre-Classical – Harappan India Mohenjo-Daro – urban planning Active trade with Mesopotamians Strong Central Authority (seals, weights/meas., irrigation, theocracy) Social Structure –relatively egalitarian Slow decline – natural?, erosion?, salt in wells Aryans move in 1500 BC (rajahs, Sanskrit, iron) – some argue invaded. Aryan (Vedic Age) Hindu Text - Rigveda describes the new dwellings as small hut dwellings clustered inside wooden palisades – suffers in comparison with Mohenjo-Daro during peak Rigveda suggests “Aryans” were light-skinned favored over “darkskinned” natives (their varna in caste) – prejudice in skin color still exists in India Hinduism and sanskrit introduced – see constant upheavals in early centuries, possibly because only kshatriyas (warrior caste) could fight On the Road to Empire India Semi-nomadic Aryans – by 600 BC divide into 16 states, enslaved Dravidians; some civil wars between rajahs (princes) 500 BC becomes part of a Persian Empire, 330-321 Alexander the Great of Greece conquers and makes it part of his Hellenistic Empire Key Concept is that it is politically fragment. Think why geography would cause that Mauryan Empire 321-185 BCE Chandragupta Maurya (321 BC) attacked Hellenistic rule, ended conflict by marrying the Hellenistic ruler’s daughter. Chandragupta Government – highly despotic (tyrant) but substantial bureaucracy - inspected with spies Huge armies w/1000s of chariots and elephant-borne troops Taxed used for public works but also luxury lifestyle, single currency Feared assassination - only 4 ½ hours of sleep a day, changed bedroom daily, had food tasters, route of progress marked off with ropes – anyone who set foot inside would be killed Chandragupta’s Religion Converted from hinduism to jainism (extreme passiveness) – would not kill anything or possess property – ended up starving himself to death in jainist monastery in 297 BC •Buddhist after Battle of Kalinga, great stone builder (first since Harappa) • capital with 4 lions in used as emblem of present government of India • sent missionaries as far as Egypt and Burma and Sri Lanka •major change in Buddhism is that he rejects caste system which will make him popular with lower castes. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Ashoka (269-232 BC) Unify empire - created system of laws (Edicts of Ashoka) to protect sick, unarmed and helpless. Provided rest stops for travelers. Built hospitals, circuit magistrates for resolving disputes throughout empire Towards Collapse New Religions are symptoms of collapse – Buddhism – he neglected army but neighbors did not Gupta What defines a golden age? •Political – Gupta (320 CE – 550 CE) Smaller territory than Mauryan – could not hold onto something that big. More decentralized power - Control based on local lords – paid tribute to keep autonomy Advantageous alliances and military conquests created political stability Collapse - 450 CE northern invaders brought empire to slow end (same Hunas – White Huns as the Xiongnu Huns from Mongolia to Caucasus from NW) political diversity and regionalism Economic - Gupta Very vigorous trade – surpassing Mediterranean and Chinese – major middle men between East and West. Cotton was largest industry. In southern India there were small colonies of Romans, Jews, Arabs, and Nestorian Christians from Syria and Persia (gold, slaves, glass, Egyptian cloth, Chinese silk, SE Asian spices) merchants relatively high caste status 04 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Religious - Gupta Hinduism restored as central religion Helped keep social order in a time of decentralized political power Social - Gupta Loyalty to caste superseded loyalty to any one ruler. Because of Suddra and Outcastes slavery was avoided Rights of women became more limited as agricultural technology developed (one code of law requested women to worship husbands as gods) Key Idea: all classical societies (except perhaps Athenian) played down role of individual and emphasized role of state, group and family – few challenged this “natural order” Intellectual/Technological - Gupta Universities built (4000 students in Nalanda – one of them Chinese Faxian) to teach religion, medicine and architecture Medicine (religious prohibition on dissection – but still bone setting, plastic surgery, inoculation against small pox, sterilization of wounds) Mathematics - algebra, zero (may have come from China), decimal system and “Arabic” numbers, table of sines, square roots, negative numbers, computed value of pi some technology developed for its own sake Art/Literature - Gupta Exquisite paintings (rock cut caves at Ajanta – famous for Buddhist art) plays of Kalidasa (comparable to Shakespeare)