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OUT OF MANY
A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
Chapter 14
The Territorial Expansion of the United States
1830s - 1850s
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Part One:
Introduction
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Chapter Focus Questions
What was manifest destiny?
What were the major differences between the
Oregon, Texas, and California frontiers?
What were the most important consequences of
the Mexican-American War?
What was the link between expansion and
slavery?
What were the issues in the election of 1848?
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Part Two:
American Communities:
Texans and Tejanos
“Remember the Alamo!”
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American Communities: Texans and
Tejanos “Remember the Alamo!”
The Texas uprising was an alliance between American and
native-Spanish speakers, Tejanos.
The Tejano elite welcomed American entrepreneurs and shared
power with them.
The Mexican state was unstable and the conservative centralists
decided Americans had too much power and tried to crack down
on local autonomy.
Tejanos played key roles in the Texas Revolution, though once
independence was secured they were excluded from positions of
power.
The frontier pattern of dealing with native people was by:
first, blending with them
second, occupying the land
third, excluding or removing native settlers.
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Part Three:
Exploring the West
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The Fur Trade
The fur trade was the greatest spur to exploration in
North America.
Not until the 1820s could American companies
challenge the British.
Trappers known as mountain men:
accommodated themselves to local Indians,
rarely came in contact with whites and,
might be viewed as the advance guard of the market
revolution.
By the 1840s, however, the beaver was virtually
trapped out.
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The artist Alfred Jacob Miller, a careful observer of the western fur trade, shows
a mountain man and his Indian wife in his 1837 Bourgeois Walker and His Wife.
Walker and his wife worked together to trap and prepare beaver pelts for
market, as did other European men and their Indian wives.
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Government-Sponsored Exploration
Map: Exploration of the Continent, 1804–30
The federal government promoted western
expansion by sending out exploratory and
scientific expeditions that mapped the West
and brought back artists’ re-creations.
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MAP 14.1 Exploration of
the Continent, 1804–30
Members of British fur
trading companies like
Alexander Mackenzie and
David Thompson led the
way. Lewis and Clark’s
“voyage of discovery” of
1804–06 was the first of
many governmentsponsored western military
expeditions. Lieutenant
Zebulon Pike crossed the
Great Plains in 1806,
followed by Major Stephen
Long in 1819–20.
Meanwhile, American fur
trappers, among them the
much-traveled Jedediah
Smith, became well
acquainted with the Far
West as they hunted
beaver for their pelts.
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Expansion and Indian Policy
Map: Indian Territory Before the Kansas-Nebraska Act of
1854
Government policy looked upon the West as a refuge for
eastern Indians who were removed.
Encroachment on the new Indian Territory was not long in
coming.
The government pushed for further land concessions from the
western tribes, though the tribes in Oklahoma held on to their
lands until after the Civil War.
The major battles between whites and Indians in the Great
West occurred after the Civil War.
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MAP 14.2 Indian Territory Before
the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
Indian Territory lay west of Arkansas,
Missouri, and lowa and east of
Mexican Territory. Most of the Indian
peoples who lived there in the 1830s
and the 1840s had been “removed”
from east of the Mississippi River.
The southern part (now Oklahoma)
was inhabited by peoples from the
Old Southwest: the Cherokees,
Chickasaws, Choctaws, Creeks, and
Seminoles. North of that (in what is
now Kansas and Nebraska) lived
peoples who had been removed from
the Old Northwest. All these Indian
peoples had trouble adjusting not
only to a new climate and a new way
of life, but to the close proximity of
some Indian tribes who were their
traditional enemies.
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Part Four:
The Politics of Expansion
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Manifest Destiny, an Expansionist
Ideology
In 1845, journalist John O’Sullivan coined the
phrase “manifest destiny” to imply Americans had a
basic right to spread across the continent and
conquer whomever stood in their way.
Westward expansion would increase trade and
enable whites to “civilize” the Indians. Democrats
saw expansion as the cure for national ills by
providing new opportunities in the West, leading to
increased trade with Asia.
Whigs feared expansion would bring up the slavery
issue.
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The Overland Trails
Map: The Overland Trails, 1840
The great trails started at the Missouri River.
The Oregon, California, and Mormon Trails followed the Platte
River into Wyoming.
The 2,000-mile Overland Trail was a long, expensive, and
hazardous journey.
Pioneers traveled in groups and often hired a pilot who knew the
terrain.
Men were responsible for care of the animals.
Women prepared food and took care of the children.
Problems arose when the parties reached the Rocky Mountains.
Though Indian attacks were few, throughout the journey disease
plagued the pioneers.
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MAP 14.3 The
Overland Trails,
1840 All the great
trails west started at
the Missouri River.
The Oregon,
California, and
Mormon Trails
followed the Platte
River into Wyoming,
crossed South Pass,
and divided in
western Wyoming.
The much harsher
Santa Fé Trail
stretched 900 miles
southwest across the
Great Plains. All of
the trails crossed
Indian Territory and,
to greater or lesser
extent, Mexican
possessions as well.
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This painting by William Henry Jackson shows the wagon of westward
migrants waiting at Council Bluffs, Iowa, to cross the Missouri River on the
ferry established by the Mormons. At the height of the migration this was a
major bottleneck: some people waited as long as ten days for their turn to
cross.
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Oregon
After 1818, the United States and Britain jointly controlled
Oregon territory, though the British dominated the region.
Along with fur trappers, missionaries were among the
earliest white settlers.
Conflicts with Indians resulted in periodic bloodbaths.
Disease greatly reduced the Indian population.
By the mid-1840s “Oregon Fever” broke out, spurred by the
promise of free land. Joint occupation ended in 1846, when
the Canadian border was drawn in its current location.
Chart: Overland Emigration to Oregon, California, and
Utah, 1840-60
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FIGURE 14.1 Overland Emigration to Oregon, California, and Utah, 1840–60
Before 1849, the westward migration consisted primarily of family groups going to
Oregon or Utah. The discovery of gold in California dramatically changed the
migration: through 1854, most migrants were single men “rushing” to California, which
remained the favored destination up until 1860. Over the twenty-year period from 1840
to 1860, the Overland Trails were transformed from difficult and dangerous routes to
well-marked and well-served thoroughfares.
SOURCE: John Unruh Jr., The Plains Across (Champaign-Urbana: University of Illinois Press,1979), pp.119 –20.
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Oregon
White Oregonians built closely-knit
communities.
African Americans were formally
excluded.
Relations with the Indians were peaceful
until 1847, when a series of wars broke
out. In 1859, Oregon was admitted to the
United States as a state.
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This view of Fort Vancouver on the Columbia River shows established agriculture and
thriving commerce, indicated by the large sailing ship on the river, which is probably the
Hudson’s Bay Company yearly supply ship from England. It was a scene like this that
led Narcissa Whitman to call Fort Vancouver “the New York of the Pacific”.
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The Santa Fe Trade
After independence, New Mexico welcomed
American trade along the Santa Fe Trail.
American trappers and traders assimilated
into the local population.
The trail was hard, arduous, and dangerous;
profits were high.
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Mexican Texas
Maps: Texas: From Mexican Province to
U.S. State
In Texas, multiethnic settlements revolved
around the presidio, mission, and rancho.
Mexican authorities sought American
settlement as a way of providing a buffer
between its heartland and the Comanches.
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MAP 14.4a Texas: From
Mexican Province to U.S.
State In the space of
twenty years, Texas
changed shape three
times. Initially part of the
Mexican province of
Coahuila y Tejas, it
became the Republic of
Texas in 1836, following
the Texas Revolt, and was
annexed to the United
States in that form in 1845.
Finally, in the Compromise
of 1850 following the
Mexican-American War, it
took its present shape.
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MAP 14.4b Texas:
From Mexican
Province to U.S. State
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MAP 14.4c Texas:
From Mexican
Province to U.S. State
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Americans in Texas
Stephen F. Austin promoted American
emigration.
Generally, slaveholders came to grow cotton
in their self-contained enclaves.
Americans viewed Texas as an extension of
Mississippi and Louisiana.
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Americans in Texas
For a brief period Texas was big enough to hold
Comanche, Mexican, and American communities:
Mexicans maintained ranches and missions in the
South.
Americans farmed the eastern and south central
sections.
The Comanches held their hunting grounds on the
frontier.
In 1828, a new Mexican centrist government broke the
balance when it sought to control Texas by restricting
immigration, outlawing slavery, and raising taxes.
Americans came to see their own culture as superior to
that of the “mongrel Spanish-Indian.”
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Painted by George Catlin about 1834, this scene, Commanche Village Life, shows
how the everyday life of the Comanche's was tied to buffalo. The women in the
foreground are scraping buffalo hide, and buffalo meat can be seen drying on racks.
The men and boys may be planning their next buffalo hunt.
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Americans in Texas
War broke out in 1835.
The Mexican army overwhelmed Americans
at the Alamo.
At the San Jacinto River, Sam Houston’s
forces victory led to a treaty granting
independence to the Republic of Texas and
fixing the southern boundary at the Rio
Grande.
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The Republic of Texas
The Texas Republic developed after the United States rejected
admission for fear of rekindling slave state/free state conflicts.
Within the republic, conflicts between Anglos and Tejanos grew
as Americans assumed themselves to be racially and culturally
superior.
President Tyler raised the issue of annexation in 1844 with hopes
of re-election—the debate over the ramifications of annexation
ensued.
Polk won the 1844 election after calling for “the re-occupation of
Oregon and the re-annexation of Texas at the earliest practicable
period.”
The 1844 election was widely interpreted as a mandate for
expansion.
Texas became a state in 1845, becoming the twenty-eighth state
of the Union and the fifteenth slave state.
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Part Five:
The Mexican-American
War
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Origins of the War
James K. Polk was committed to expanding U.S.
territory.
He peacefully settled the Oregon controversy.
Increasing tensions with Mexico led that nation to
break diplomatic relations with the United States.
Polk wanted to extend U.S. territory to the Pacific
and encouraged a takeover of California.
A border dispute led Polk to order troops to defend
Mexico.
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Mr. Polk’s War
The dispute with Mexico erupted into war
after that nation refused to receive Polk’s
envoy and a brief skirmish occurred on the
Texas-Mexico border.
Polk asked for war with Mexico.
The call was politically divisive, particularly
among opponents of slavery and
northerners.
Mass and individual protests occurred.
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Mr. Polk’s War
Map: The Mexican-American War, 1846–48
Polk planned the war strategy, sending troops into the
northern provinces of Mexico, conquering New Mexico
and California. Victories in Mexico came hard.
The fierce Mexican resistance was met by American
brutality against Mexican citizens.
When General Scott captured Mexico City, the war ended.
Polk had ambitions of taking over Mexico, but strong
opposition made him accept the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo.
Map: Territory Added, 1845–53
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MAP 14.5 The Mexican-American War, 1846–48 The Mexican-American War began
with an advance by U.S. forces into the disputed area between the Nueces River and
the Rio Grande in Texas. The war’s major battles were fought by General Zachary
Taylor in northern Mexico and General Winfield Scott in Veracruz and Mexico City.
Meanwhile Colonel Stephen Kearny secured New Mexico and, with the help of the U.S.
Navy and John C. Frémont’s troops, California.
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General Winfield Scott’s amphibious attack on the Mexican coastal city of Veracruz in
March 1847 was greeted with wide popular acclaim in the United States. It was the
first successful amphibious attack in U.S. military history. Popular interest in the
battles of the Mexican-American War was fed by illustrations such as this in
newspapers and magazines.
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MAP 14.6 Territory Added,
1845–53 James K. Polk
was elected president in
1844 on an expansionist
platform. He lived up to
most of his campaign
rhetoric by gaining the
Oregon Country (to the 49th
parallel) peacefully from the
British, Texas by the
presidential action of his
predecessor John Tyler,
and present-day California,
Arizona, Nevada, Utah,
New Mexico, and part of
Colorado by war with
Mexico. In the short space
of three years, the size of
the United States grew by
70 percent. In 1853, the
Gadsden Purchase added
another 30,000 square
miles.
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The Press and Popular War Enthusiasm
The Mexican-American War was the first conflict
featuring regular, on-the-scene reporting.
The war reports united Americans into a
temporary, emotional community.
Popular war heroes like Zachary Taylor and
Winfield Scott later became presidential
candidates.
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Seeing History
War News from
Mexico.
SOURCE: Richard Caton
Woodville, “War News From
Mexico,” Oil on canvas. Manovgian
Foundation on loan to the National
Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. ©
Board of Trustees, National Gallery
of Art, Washington, DC.
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Part Six:
California and the Gold
Rush
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California Before the Gold Rush
The Russians had enjoyed a brisk trade in
California.
When Mexico became independent,
California trade was open to all nations.
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Early American Settlement
A Swiss immigrant who became a Mexican
citizen, John Sutter, helped Americans
emigrate to California.
An American community grew up around
Sutter’s land grant, which participated in the
independence movement from Mexico.
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Gold!
Map: California in the Gold Rush
The discovery of gold in January 1848 triggered a massive
gold rush of white Americans, Mexicans, and Chinese.
Because it was the entry port and supply point, San
Francisco grew from a village of 1,000 in 1848 to a city of
35,000 in 1850.
California’s white population grew by nearly tenfold.
California gained enough residents to become a state in
1850.
Chart: Where the Forty-Niners Came From
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MAP 14.7 California in the
Gold Rush This map shows
the major gold camps along
the mother lode in the
western foothills of the
Sierra Nevada mountains.
Gold seekers reached the
camps by crossing the
Sierra Nevada near
Placerville on the Overland
Trail or by sea via San
Francisco. The main area of
Spanish-Mexican settlement,
the coastal region between
Monterey and Los Angeles,
was remote from the
goldfields.
SOURCE: Warren A.Beck and Ynez D.Haase,
Historical Atlas of California (Norman: University
of Oklahoma Press,1974), map 50.
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FIGURE 14.2 Where the Forty-Niners Came From Americans drawn to the
California Gold Rush of 1849 encountered a more diverse population than most had
previously known. Nearly as novel to them as the 20 percent from foreign countries
was the regional variety from within the United States itself.
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This drawing of the bar of a gambling saloon in San Francisco in 1855 shows the effects
of the Gold Rush on California. Men from all parts of the world are gathered at this
elegant bar in the large cosmopolitan city of San Francisco, which had been only a small
trading post before gold was discovered in 1849.
SOURCE: Frank Marryat, “The Bar of a Gambling Saloon ,” published 1855. Lithograph. Collection of the New York Historical Society, New
York City.
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Gold!
The Chinese first came to California in
1849.
They were often forced off their claims.
The Chinese worked as servants and in
other menial occupations.
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Chinese first came to California in 1849 attracted by the Gold Rush. Frequently,
however, they were forced off their claims by intolerant whites. Rather than enjoy an
equal chance in the goldfields, they were often forced to work as servants or in other
menial occupations.
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Mining Camps
The mining camps were generally
miserable, squalid, temporary communities
where racism was widespread.
Most of the miners were young, unmarried,
and unsuccessful.
A much more reliable way to earn wealth
was to supply the miners.
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Part Seven:
The Politics of Manifest
Destiny
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The Wilmot Proviso
Northern Whigs opposed expansion on
antislavery grounds.
The Wilmot Proviso caused a controversy
over the status of slavery in the new
territories.
A bitter debate on the Proviso raised serious
sectional issues and caused the first
breakdown of the national party system.
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The Free-Soil Movement
The growth of the Liberty Party indicated northern
public opinion was shifting toward an antislavery
position.
The Free-Soil Party offered a compromise for
northern voters by focusing on stopping the spread
of slavery.
The Free-Soilers appealed to northern values of
freedom and individualism, as well as racism, for
they would ban all African Americans from the
new territories.
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The Election of 1848
In the election of 1848, candidates had to discuss
their views on the slavery expansion. Lewis Cass,
the Democrat, favored popular sovereignty but was
vague on details.
The Whig war hero, Zachary Taylor, refused to
take a position on the Wilmot Proviso. The FreeSoil Party ran Martin Van Buren as a spoiler.
By taking Democratic votes from Cass, Van Buren
helped Taylor win the election. Unfortunately,
Taylor died in office.
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In 1848, the Whigs nominated a hero of the Mexican-American War, General Zachary
Taylor, who ran on his military exploits. In this campaign poster, every letter of Taylor’s
name is decorated with scenes from the recent war, which had seized the popular
imagination in a way no previous conflict had done.
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Part Eight:
Conclusion
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