Download II. Classification of Joints

BIOLOGY II Chapter 8: Joints of the Skeletal System
NAME______________________
I. Introduction
A. Joints are also called ___________________________________________________________________________
B. Joints bind _______________, make possible__________permit ______________________ and enable _________
II. Classification of Joints
A. Introduction
1. Three general groups of joints are _________________________________________________________
2. Joints can also be grouped according to ____________________________________________________
3. Immovable joints are called______________________________________________________________
4. Slightly movable joints are called _________________________________________________________
5. Freely movable joints are called __________________________________________________________
B. Fibrous Joints
1. Fibrous joints are so named because _______________________________________________________
2. The three types of fibrous joints are _______________________________________________________
3. In syndesmois, bones are bound by ________________________________________________________
4. An example of a syndesmosis is __________________________________________________________
5. Because a syndesmosis permits slight movement, it is called ____________________________________
6. Sutures are only between ________________________________________________________________
7. A sutural ligament is ___________________________________________________________________
8. Fontanels allow _______________________________________________________________________
9. An example of a suture is _______________________________________________________________
10. Because sutures are immovable, they are called _____________________________________________
11. A gomphosis is ______________________________________________________________________
12. A periodontal ligament is ______________________________________________________________
13. An example of a gomphosis is ___________________________________________________________
C. Cartilaginous Joints
1. Bones of cartilaginous joints are joined by __________________________________________________
2. Two types of cartilaginous joints are _______________________________________________________
3. In a__________________________________________________, bands of hyaline cartilage unite bones.
4. Many synchondroses are _________________________________________ and disappear during growth.
5. Two examples of synchondroses are _______________________________________________________
6. Synchondroses do not permit movement and are therefore ______________________________________
7. In a symphysis, the articular surfaces of bones are covered with _________________________________
___________________ and the cartilage is attached to __________________________________________
8. Two examples of symphyses is ___________________________________________________________
D. Synovial Joints
1. Most joints are ________________________________________________________________________
2. Synovial joints allow _________________________________________________________ movement.
and are called ___________________________________________________________________________
3. Synovial joints consist of________________________________________________________________
III. General Structure of a Synovial Joint
A. Articular cartilage is ___________________________________________________________________________
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B. The joint capsule is ____________________________________________________________________________
C. The outer layer of the joint capsule consists of _______________________________________________________
D. The inner layer of the joint capsule consists of ______________________________________________________
E. Ligaments reinforce ___________________________________________________________________________
F. The synovial membrane is ______________________________________________________________________
G. Synovial fluid comes from ______________________________________________________________________
H. Besides secreting synovial fluid, the synovial membrane may also _______________________________________
I. Synovial fluid has a consistency of______________________and functions to_____________________
J. Menisci are __________________________________________________________________________________
K. Menisci function to____________________________________________________________________________
L. Bursae are ___________________________________________________________________________________
M. Bursae are located ____________________________________________________________________________
N. Bursae function to ____________________________________________________________________________
O. The names of bursae reflect _____________________________________________________________________
IV. Types of Synovial Joints
A. The six major types of synovial joints are __________________________________________________________
B. A ball-and-socket joint consists of ________________________________________________________________
C. A ball-and-socket joint allows _____________________________________________ than any other type of joint.
D. Examples of ball-and-socket joints are _____________________________________________________________
E. The structure of a condyloid joint is _______________________________________________________________
F. An example of a condyloid joint is ________________________________________________________________
G. The articulating surfaces of ___________________________________________ are nearly flat or slightly curved.
H. Examples of gliding joints are ___________________________________________________________________
I. The structure of a hinge joint is ___________________________________________________________________
J. An example of a hinge joint is ____________________________________________________________________
K. The structure of a pivot joint is___________________________________________________________________
L. Examples of pivot joints are _____________________________________________________________________
M. The structure of a saddle joint is _________________________________________________________________
N. An example of a saddle joint is __________________________________________________________________
V. Types of Joint Movements
A. An insertion of a muscle is ______________________________________________________________________
B. The origin of a muscle is _______________________________________________________________________
C. Flexion is ___________________________________________________________________________________
D. Extension is _________________________________________________________________________________
E. Hyperextension is _____________________________________________________________________________
F. Dorsiflexion is________________________________________________________________________________
G. Plantar flexion is _____________________________________________________________________________
H. Abduction is _________________________________________________________________________________
I. Adduction is __________________________________________________________________________________
J. Rotation is ___________________________________________________________________________________
K. Circumduction is _________________________ ____________________________________________________
L. Supination is ____________________________ _____________________________________________________
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M. Pronation is_____________________________ _____________________________________________________
N. Eversion is _____________________________ _____________________________________________________
O. Inversion is_____________________________ _____________________________________________________
P. Protraction is_____________________________ ____________________________________________________
Q. Retraction is_____________________________ ____________________________________________________
R. Elevation is_____________________________ _____________________________________________________
S. Depression is_____________________________ ____________________________________________________
VI. Examples of Synovial Joints
A. Shoulder Joint
1. The shoulder joint is ___________________ that consists of ____________________________________
2. The shoulder joint capsule is very _________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________reinforce the shoulder joint capsule.
4. The four ligaments that help prevent displacement of the shoulder joint are ________________________
5. The coracohumeral ligament strengthens ___________________________________________________
6. The glenohumeral ligament extends _______________________________________________________
7. The transverse humeral ligament runs between _______________________________________________
8. The glenoid labrum functions to __________________________________________________________
9. The four major bursae associated with each shoulder joint are ___________________________________
10. The shoulder joint is capable of a wide range of movement due to _______________________________
B. Elbow Joint
1. The articulations of the elbow joint are _____________________________________________________
2. The ulnar collateral ligament is located _____________________________________________________
3. The ulnar collateral ligament attaches ______________________________________________________
4. The radial collateral ligament is located ____________________________________________________
5. The radial collateral ligament strengthens ___________________________________________________
6. Fatty pads of the elbow joint protect _______________________________________________________
7. The only movements that occur at the elbow joint are _________________________________________
C. Hip Joint
1. The hip joint is a ______________________________________________________________________
2. The hip joint consists of ________________________________________________________________
3. The acetabular labrum is_________________________and functions to ________________________
4. The major ligaments of the hip joint are ____________________________________________________
5. The iliofemoral ligament attaches _________________________________________________________
6. The pubofemoral ligament extends between _________________________________________________
7. The ischiofemoral ligament connects ______________________________________________________
8. The hip joint has ___________________________________________ movement than the shoulder joint.
9. _______________________________________________________ surround the capsule of the hip joint.
D. Knee Joint
1. The largest and most complex of the synovial joints is the ______________________________________
2. The knee joint consists of _______________________________________________________________
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3. The femur articulates with _______________________________________________________ anteriorly.
4. The knee functions as a _________________________________________________________________
5. The articulation between the femur and tibia is a _____________________________________________
6. The articulation between the femur and patella is a____________________________________________
7. The knee joint is greatly strengthened by ___________________________________________________
8. The 5 ligaments of the knee joint are_______________________________________________________
9. The patellar joint extends from ___________________________________________________________
10. The oblique popliteal ligament connects ___________________________________________________
11. The arcuate popliteal ligament connects ___________________________________________________
12. The tibial collateral ligament connects ____________________________________________________
13. The fibular collateral ligament connects ___________________________________________________
14. Two ligaments within the knee joint are called ______________________________________________
15. The anterior cruciate ligament connects ___________________________________________________
16. The posterior cruciate ligament connects __________________________________________________
17. Two_____________________________separate the articulating surfacesof the femur and tibia.
18. Three bursae associated with the knee joint are ______________________________________________
VII. Life-Span Changes
A. Changes in collagen lie behind ___________________________________________________________________
B. The _________________________________________________________________ joints are the first to change.
C. Synchondroses that connect _____________________________________________________________ disappear
as the skeleton grows.
D. Ligaments lose ____________________ as collagen fibers become ______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
E. In the intervertebral discs, less water diminishes _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
F. Loss of function of synovial joints begins in the ___________________________________________ decade of life.
G. Fewer __________________________________________ serving the synovial membrane slows the circulation of
________________________________________________________, and the membrane may become infiltrated with
______________________________________________________________________________________________
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