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David Myers 11e ©2013 McGraw-Hill Companies Chapter Five Genes, Culture, and Gender How Are We Influenced by Human Nature and Cultural Diversity? Genes, Evolution, and Behavior Natural selection Process by which heritable traits that best enable organisms to survive and reproduce in particular environments are passed to ensuing generations Evolutionary psychology Study of the evolution of cognition and behavior using principles of natural selection How Are We Influenced by Human Nature and Cultural Diversity? Culture and Behavior Culture Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next Cultural diversity Our behavior is socially programmed One in eight Americans is an immigrant How Are We Influenced by Human Nature and Cultural Diversity? Culture and Behavior Norms: Expected behavior Norms Standards for accepted and expected behavior Expressiveness Punctuality Rule Breaking Personal Space • Buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies How Are We Influenced by Human Nature and Cultural Diversity? Culture and Behavior Cultural similarity Universal friendship norms Universal trait dimensions Universal social belief dimensions Universal status norms Incest taboo Norms of war How Are Males and Females Alike and Different? Gender Characteristics, whether biological or socially influenced, by which people define male and female How Are Males and Females Alike and Different? Women Men Describe themselves in more Focus on tasks and on relational terms Experience more relationship-linked emotions More empathetic Gravitate toward jobs that reduce inequalities connections with large groups Respond to stress with “fight or flight” response Gravitate toward jobs that enhance inequalities How Are Males and Females Alike and Different? Social Dominance Men are socially dominant Women’s wages in industrial countries average 77 percent of men’s Men tend to be more autocratic; women more democratic Men take more risks How Are Males and Females Alike and Different? Aggression Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone In the U.S., the arrest ratio of male to female is 9 to 1 When provocation occurs the gender gap shrinks Women are slightly more likely to commit indirect aggressive acts Spreading malicious gossip How Are Males and Females Alike and Different? Sexuality Men: More often think about and initiate sex Women: Are more inspired by emotional passion Evolution and Gender: Doing What Comes Naturally? Gender and Mating Preferences Men seek out quantity Spreading genes widely Women seek out quality Protecting and nurturing of offspring Evolution and Gender: Doing What Comes Naturally? Reflections on Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary psychologists sometimes start with an effect and work backward to construct an explanation Way to overcome the “hindsight bias” is to imagine things turning out otherwise Evolutionary psychologists disagree with this theory Sample Predictions Derived from Evolutionary Psychology Evolution and Gender: Doing What Comes Naturally? Gender and Hormones Gender gap in aggression seems influenced by testosterone As humans age they become more androgynous Mixing both masculine and feminine characteristics Culture and Gender: Doing as the Culture Says? Gender Role Set of behavior expectations (norms) for males and females Gender roles vary over culture Gender roles vary over time Culture and Gender: Doing as the Culture Says? Peer-Transmitted Culture 50 percent of individual variations in personality traits is by parental nurturing The other 50 percent is peer influence What Can We Conclude about Genes, Culture, and Gender? Biology and Culture Biology and experience interact when biological traits influence how the environment reacts A Social-Role Theory of Gender Differences in Social Behavior
